Tragedy and Common Man by Arthur Miller - 1559 Words

Tragedy and the Common Man by Arthur Miller In this age few tragedies are written. It has often been held that the lack is due to a paucity of heroes among us, or else that modern man has had the blood drawn out of his organs of belief by the skepticism of science, and the heroic attack on life cannot feed on an attitude of reserve and circumspection. For one reason or another, we are often held to be below tragedy-or tragedy above us. The inevitable conclusion is, of course, that the tragic mode is archaic, fit only for the very highly placed, the kings or the kingly, and where this admission is not made in so many words it is most often implied. I believe that the common man is as apt a subject for tragedy in its highest sense as†¦show more content†¦Among us today this fear is as strong, and perhaps stronger, than it ever was. In fact, it is the common man who knows this fear best. Now, if it is true that tragedy is the consequence of a man s total compulsion to evaluate himself justly, his destruction in the attempt posits a wrong or an evil in his environment. And this is precisely the morality of tragedy and its lesson. The discovery of the moral law, which is what the enlightenment of tragedy consists of, is not the discovery of some abstract or metaphysical quantity. The tragic night is a condition of life, a condition in which the human personality is able to flower and realize itself. The wrong is the condition which suppresses man, perverts the flowing out of his love and creative instinct. Tragedy enlightens and it must, in that it points the heroic finger at the enemy of man s freedom. The thrust for freedom is the quality in tragedy which exalts. The revolutionary questioning of the stable environment is what terrifies. In no way is the common man debarred from such thoughts or such actions. Seen in this light, our lack of tragedy may be partially accounted for by the turn which modern literature has taken toward the purely psychiatric view of life, or the purely sociological. If all our miseries, our indignities, are born and bred within our minds, then allShow MoreRelatedTragedy And The Common Man By Arthur Miller1675 Words   |  7 PagesIn Arthur Miller’s Essay entitled â€Å"Tragedy and the Common Man,† the author states, â€Å"I believe that the common man is as apt a subject for tragedy in his highest sense as kings were.† (Miller 14) The author deems that each individual had tragedies particularly the common man who dealt with it in his lifetime. He contends that tragedy possibly will also depict ordinary people in domestic surroundings. Miller had a new view of tragedy in which he saw tragic experience as impartial of widespread ethicalRead MoreTragedy And The Common Man By Arthur Miller2260 Words   |  10 PagesIn his essay â€Å"Traged y and the Common Man† Arthur Miller redefines the genre of tragedy and the tragic hero. Miller defines a tragedy as a person struggling against an injustice in the world around him to, which he responds forcefully. Miller states that the â€Å"wound from which the inevitable events spiral is the wound of indignity, and its dominant force is indignation† (144). The wound originates from the injustice in the environment, but it is perceived by the character as an â€Å"indignation† or otherRead MoreQuest For Literary Form : The Greeks Believed That The Tragedy1742 Words   |  7 PagesGreeks believed that the tragedy was the greatest form of drama, and Aristotle’s concept of tragedy followed this belief. In the modern times, there has been a change in this view with various authors abandoning the classical form to follow more liberal forms of literacy. (Kennedy Gioia, Pp. 1203) Aristotle s Concept of Tragedy The analysis of Aristotle on tragedy formed the guideline for later poets in the Western civilization. Aristotle defined tragedy as â€Å"the simulation ofRead MoreTragedy and the Common Man1191 Words   |  5 PagesArticle â€Å"Tragedy and the Common Man† In Arthur Miller’s essay â€Å"Tragedy and the Common Man,† Miller mentions tragedy as man’s struggle to gain his â€Å"rightful† position in his society, and whoever that character may be—king or common man—that character is eventually brought down by his or her tragic flaws and that’s what makes that character a tragic hero. In the past, there have been many tragic heroes which can relate to Arthur Miller’s essay â€Å"Tragedy and the Common Man,† in bothRead MoreWilly Loman, the Modern Hero in Arthur Millers Death of a Salesman1739 Words   |  7 Pages In Arthur Miller’s essay â€Å"Tragedy and the Common Man†, a picture is painted of a â€Å"flaw-full† man, known as the modern hero of tragedies. Miller describes what characteristics the modern tragic hero possesses and how he differs from the heroes depicted by classic Greek playwrights such as Sophocles and Aristotle. In order to understand how drastically the modern hero has evolved, one must first understand the basic characteristics that the heroes created by Sophocles and Aristotle encompass. TheRead MoreExamples Of Everyday Tragedy732 Words   |  3 PagesEveryday Tragedy When a person thinks of tragedy the thing that flows to mind is death and destruction. Even though this way of thinking is valid, there are several ways to analyze the concept of tragedy. Tragedy is when one suffers an unexpected punishment that has merged together through ones actions. Arthur Miller believes that tragedy can happen to any type of person if youre rich or if youre poor, no matter what, it can happen to all of us. Arthur shows this to us in the book Death of aRead More Analysis of veiwpoints on tragedy Essay864 Words   |  4 PagesAnalysis of veiwpoints on tragedy The question of what defines tragedy has been an issue addressed by several different literary minds since the day of Aristotle, the first person to define tragedy. When Aristotle first defined tragedy he believed tragedy was something reserved for a person of noble stature. He said this person was eventually brought down by a tragic flaw, hence the term tragedy. Robert Silverberg agrees with Aristotle’s views on tragedy, but other authors don’t acceptRead More Death of a Salesman is a Tragedy as Defined in Millers Tragedy and the Common Man1046 Words   |  5 PagesDeath of a Salesman is a Tragedy as Defined in Millers Tragedy and the Common Man In Tragedy and the Common Man, Arthur Miller discusses his definition and criteria for tragedy as they apply to the common man. The criteria and standards proposed by Miller may be used to evaluate his timeless work, Death of A Salesman. The first major standard of tragedy set forth is:   â€Å"...if the exaltation of tragic action were truly a property of the high-bred character alone, it is inconceivable thatRead MoreConventions of Tragedy in A View From The Bridge By Arthur Miller1100 Words   |  5 PagesConventions of Tragedy in A View From The Bridge By Arthur Miller Arthur Miller manipulates his characters and uses literary devices to effectively convey to the audience the trajectory of Eddie Carbone and his flaws of misconduct in the play, A View From The Bridge. He uses all the conventions of a modern tragedy adequately to help arouse sympathy, suspense and fear from the audience at significant intervals of the playRead MoreA Survey of Tragedy984 Words   |  4 PagesA Survey of Tragedy A modern tragedy of today and a tragedy of ancient Greece are two very different concepts, but ironically, both are linked by many similarities. In â€Å"Poetics†, Aristotle defines and outlines tragedy for theatre in a way that displays his genius, but raises questions and creates controversy. Aristotle’s famous definition of tragedy states: â€Å"A tragedy is the imitation of an action that is serious, and also as having magnitude, complete in itself in language with pleasurable accessories

money and class in america Essay example - 708 Words

In the book Money and Class in America written by Lewis Lapham, the way Americans look at money is exposed. It compares other nations view on monetary value against that of the Americans. It is a fact that we place more value on money than anything else. This book illustrates the corruptness of the â€Å"American Dream† as it focuses money as the â€Å"currency of the soul† and through the dream, men remain free to rise or fall. Their life is the product of the effort and the decisions put forth by them. To start off, money in the U.S. is perceived as the currency of the soul. It makes the world go round. Lapham writes, â€Å"They had been so ‘deflected by the pursuit of money’ that they could turn ‘in no other direction.’. In my opinion, Americans†¦show more content†¦He quit smoking and chewing tobacco just to save up those extra few dollars. Although he was in illegal activities, such as selling alcohol which in that time was illeg al, he was a â€Å"thug†. He made sure that no matter what he was doing, he accomplished his goal of having money. In the original dream, all the hard work you had to put forth to achieve your goal was like a lesson learned. However, in our century’s corrupted dream, all the struggles are worth it as long as you make it to the riches and the high standards of life. The whole act itself revolves completely out of money. It is more important to showcase items and mount them on walls then to show intelligence, faith and families. It is sad to say, but in our American Dream, the corrupted one that is, greenbacks are worth more than one’s honor. Other nations look upon the American devotion as sterile cupidity and insanity. In The Great Gatsby, Gatsby, Daisy and Tom are an excellent example of the importance of being wealthy. Lapham expresses his opinion on Americans as Philistinism. Americans base their success on property and luxuries. Without that, they are not tr uly happy or satisfied with what they did in their life period. If the goal of becoming rich is achieved, everything might not be so great after all. The circle of people associated with you are just there for the luxury. Take the Gatsby as an example. No one went to his funeral, not even Daisy. She was to blame for his death, andShow MoreRelatedClass Inequality And The American Class1407 Words   |  6 Pagesto â€Å"Class in America- 2009† makes some good points why Americans hate the word class. Class is a word to classify a group of people to a certain social status. Americans do not like to be put in a category based off of their money. Gregory Mantsios the author, explains how we view ourselves. For example, most American citizens identify themselves with work. Mantsios gives other reasons, and a solution to fix the American class labeling. Mantsios made some really good points about how Americas viewRead MoreEssay about The Extinction of the American Middle Class1349 Words   |  6 Pagesgroup in America is facing extinction. We are talking of course about the American middle class. In 1971 the American middle class population was 36% higher than the population of the lower class. However, today the middle class population is now only 22% higher than the lower class (McDill). This is only a 14% drop spread over 44 years. The major issue here is that while the middle class shrinks, the upper and lower classes are growing. Financial experts believe that soon the middle class will becomeRead MoreAmerica s Income And Wealth Inequality987 Words   |  4 PagesToday in America, income and wealth inequality has continued to grow at an unsettling pace. The rich continue to get richer, while the number of people categorized as lower class grows exponentially. As Joseph Stiglitz has explained, many theories that are seen as strongly Republican, such as the trickle-down effect, has caused the rich to take money from the poor, and as a result the lower cl ass grows and the middle class disintegrates. The top 1 percent of America’s households currently holds 30Read MoreLifeboat Ethics Essay583 Words   |  3 Pagespeople in then America will also drown. We must convince them if we wish to save at least part of the world form environmental ruin(page 765). Why should I help the poor countries? Why should I let the immigrants in? I see no reason for helping someone that is not an American. These non Americans are taking my hard-working money that they did not earn. I am tired of the United States of America giving my money to the poor countries. The government is giving these people my money for which I workedRead MoreAmerican Dreams : The American Dream1187 Words   |  5 Pagesto America. The American dream is what makes America wonderful. The American dream has been categorized as an equal opportunity to attain success through hard work. The end result of the American dream for the universal people is for that character and t heir loved ones to be living contentedly for the rest of their lives. However, this is not the same apparition that every individual has of the American dream. The American dream differs from many different social classes of people in America. ComparingRead MoreUnited States Six Economic Social Classes1450 Words   |  6 Pagessocial class. A social class is any person or group of people with the same educational, social or economical status. Social class can be broken down into many different categories such as race, age, gender, economic status, educational status and many more. Social class can be measured in many different ways such as financial status, family values, appearance, and demeanor. In America there are six main economical social classes which are the: Very poor, Poor, Working class, Middle class, UpperRead MoreRole Of Social Class In The Great Gatsby1050 Words   |  5 PagesUnited States of America was thrown into a tumultuous journey; a journey of wealth, powe r, and greed. As opportunities for success and power arose, America evolved into a nation known for its ingenuity and freedom. However, as investment and entrepreneurship opened streams of currency across the country, the newfound recipients of self-made wealth found themselves outcasts among the rich, exiled for their lack of history. Furthermore, the divide between the upper-class and lower-class grew exponentiallyRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1704 Words   |  7 PagesClass structure of the 1920s was based on popularity and how well off people were compared to those around them. F. Scott Fitzgerald illustrates class structure in the book The Great Gatsby through the different characters in different social classes. Fitzgerald gives settings that correspond with the social classes of the characters to better illustrate what environment he placed each character in. The Buchanan’s, Gatsby, and the Wilsons are examples of the different conflicting social cla sses FitzgeraldRead MoreThe Link between Money and Success in America Essay1082 Words   |  5 PagesAmerican culture usually references money and success synonymously. Nearly everyone who has grown up in America has probably, at one time or another, thought I wish I had that much money! Similarly, the public usually perceives those with money as the most successful, happy, and powerful. Americans usually limit the term Money, to simple monetary units; however, money encompasses more than simplistic pieces of metal and paper, cash in the bank, or credit. Money includes anything that you canRead MoreSocial Stratification1747 Words   |  7 Pageshow the inequality of valued resources impacts America as a whole, and how the recent financial meltdown has made stratification worse in America. Stratification can be defined as a structured ranking of entire groups of people that perpetuates unequal economic rewards and power in a society. (Witt, 2010) In simpler terms, stratification is the social inequality in groups of people divided by wealth, power, and rewards in society. The upper class stereotypically receives rare resources, has more

Typewronger Free Essays

To be or not to be That is the question Tiger, Tiger, burning bright Why, this is L Normyoutfit Anyone can do it You too can be a Poet See! Stars and Stripes Cloaca (ASSHOLE) and + Fortyfour keys to success! A bonus of+% for all future poets!! LSD $$$ All men are equal Oh, how they pound away. Without a stop. FACIT cry l!! The Typewriter Revolution written by D. We will write a custom essay sample on Typewronger or any similar topic only for you Order Now J. Enright in 1920 shows one perspective on how the typewriter was received when it made its debut. The poem’s wit and applica bility to the seemingly unstoppable downward spiral of our language is entertaining. It is a very witty poem and many interpretations can be drawn for the meaning of this poem. In my opinion, Enright wrote this poem as a sort of Joke about how we all abbreviate and th m the more you see. It is an incredible work of art. Art is only as you perceive it. Just as a pic ture is worth a thousand words because so much meaning and beauty in different forms c n be taken away from it, this poem has the same thing. Interpretation and derivation of meaning comes from the individual. As a class, we could all come back with a different idea of the meaning because it is such an open e nded poem. It reminds me of the way I drew meaning from this one song. The chorus goes â€Å"Baby, it’s Bam and I must be lonely†¦ Baby, I cant help but be scarred but the rains g onna wash away I believe it. † I used to draw meaning from the lyrics in a relationship sense of someone feeling alone at 3am but after I met Rob Thomas, the lead singer of the ban dl ame to find out he was really talking about his mother and how he would sit in bed confused and crying at 7 years old while his mom was puking from chemo. Such a si mple two line chorus can have so many interpretations in this expansive ordeal that is the english language that it blows me away when I try to derive meaning from a poem like this on e that is made to have a cornucopia of meaning hiding, waiting to be found amongst the bla ck ink from Enright’s Swedish Maid. many meanings that can be derived from one thing. The more you look into this poe â€Å"Baby, it’s 3am and I must be lonely. How to cite Typewronger, Papers

Structure and Operation Management and Business

Question: Discuss about the Structure and Operation Management and Business. Answer: Introduction This essay describes the structure and operations of the Saline Water Conversion Corporation (SWCC) in Saudi Arabia, in order to describe various business theories and strategies. The essay focuses on the emergence of the organization along with the impacts of various environmental factors on the business operations of the organization. The essay also focuses on the risk management strategies of the organization along with the business practices and business model employed in the workplace of the SWCC. This in turn provides an overview of the entire organization in relation to the corresponding business theories and concepts. Emergence of the organization The Saline Water Conversion Corporation (SWCC) in Saudi Arabia was established in the year 1974, in order to tackle one of the most important global issues of shortage of drinking water and shortage of electricity. The organization was established as a government company. The organization was established with high establishment costs and capital investment for the infrastructure. All the earnings and liabilities are the sole responsibilities of the organization itself. As per the structure of a company, the SWCC has a number of shareholders along with the government. The organization is run by a board of directors responsible for taking important business decisions. The organization operates with a vision of leading the international market in sea water desalination and power production (Glendon, 2016). Impacts of the environmental factors This section of the essay focuses on the impacts of various environmental factors on the operations of the SWCC in the corresponding market. The environment of the SWCC can be defined to be of two important categories, external and internal environment. The external environment of the SWCC consists of the political, economic, social, technological, legal and environmental factors that affect the operations of the organization in the corresponding market. Political factors The operations of the SWCC in Saudi Arabia is supported by the political factors as the organization is backed by the government of the country. Economic factors The economy of Saudi Arabia is stable enough to support the business operations of the SWCC. This in turn allows the SWCC to have a positive and supportive environment to carry out its business operations. Social factors The business operations of the SWCC focuses on the desalination of the sea water to produce drinking water and power, which in turn tackles one of the most important global issues of the current time. This in turn allows the organization to have a positive social image and supportive societies to carry out its business operations (Dorfman, 2012). Technological factors The societies in Saudi Arabia contain the required technologies to allow the organization to have smooth business operations. The societies in Saudi Arabia contains the required technologies for effective sea water desalination and power production. Legal factors As mentioned earlier, SWCC is a government company backed by the government, which in turn allows the legal framework of the country to support the operations of the organization (Khondaker, 2015). Porters five forces model Porters five forces allows the business operations of the organization to be analyzed in an effective manner. This section provides an overview of Porters five forces model applied to SWCC in Saudi Arabia. Threats of new entrants The threat of new entrants in the corresponding industry and market is quite low as the SWCC has been operating in the corresponding industry for a long time and the high establishment costs create a high entry barrier for the new organizations (Dorfman, 2012). Threat of substitutes The services provided by SWCC aims at the desalination of the sea water, which doesnt have ay substitutes. This in turn allows the organization to have low threat of substitutes. Competitor rivalry The support of the legal bodies and government of the country for the operations of the SWCC allows the organization to have low threat from the competitors. Supplier power and buyer power The support from the legal system and the government along with the presence of the organization in the corresponding industry for a long time, allows the organization to have low threats from supplier and buyer power as well (Glendon, 2016). Risk management As any other organization, SWCC also faces a lot of risks to its business operations in the corresponding market of operation. The Saline Water Conversion Corporation (SWCC) implements an effective risk identification and mitigation strategy to identify the risks to the business operations and mitigate them effectively (Al-Nory, 2013). Risk identification The process of risk identification allows the board of directors of SWCC to identify various risks to the business operations of the organization, based on the reports of various research teams across the entire organization. Some of the risks to the business operations of SWCC are mentioned below. Instability in the technological innovations implemented by the organization Negative impacts of the machinery on the sea water Lack of budget to carry out several new research and development activities Conflicts and differences of opinions among the employees Impacts on the health and safety of the employees in the workplace Failure in getting permissions for various research activities Risk mitigation The board of directors of the SWCC has implemented a set of effective risks mitigation strategies which mitigate different risks to the business operations of the organization in different ways. This in turn allows the business operations of the organization to be carried out efficiently. Some of the strategies implemented in the SWCC for risk mitigation are mentioned below. Risk acceptance The risks which are very low in significance and their impact on the business of the organization are accepted by the board of directors. The board of directors of SWCC accepts the risks which doesnt have significant negative impacts on the organization, which in turn allows the organization to be ready of these risks (Grant, 2016). Risk avoidance Some of the risks having significant impact on the business operations of the organization are avoided by the board of directors of SWCC. These risks are avoided on the basis of a comparison between their impacts on the organization and the costs of mitigating it. One of the examples of the risks which are avoided by the board of directors of SWCC is the research activities which are risky to the health and safety of the employees in the workplace (Khondaker, 2015). Risk limitation This strategy allows the SWCC to limit the negative impacts to certain risks by modifying the corresponding business operations of the organization. This in turn allows the organization to be ready for these risks with appropriate preparations. Risk transfer This strategy allows the SWCC to transfer certain risks to the insurance companies and third party partners in order to minimize their impacts on the business model of the organization (Ouda, 2014). This section of the essay focuses on the business practices and guidelines implemented by the SWCC in its workplace. High performance work practice system The board of directors of the SWCC implements certain business policies and guidelines as per the high-performance work practice system principles identified by Lawer and Worley in 2006 (Ouda, 2015). Even though the workplace of the SWCC is driven by the employee hierarchy in the business model, the employees of the organization have significant power in the business operations of the organization. The power in the workplace of the organization is evenly distributed among all the employees (Kajenthira, 2012). The management of SWCC always ensures that all the employees in the workplace are informed of all the updates and changes in the business processes. This is ensured through the efficient implementation of various information and communication technologies in the workplace of the SWCC (Al-Ibrahim, 2013). The management of the SWCC maintains a regular and effective training and development plan for all the employees. These training and development activities along with the frequent inclusion of the employees in the important business decisions allow the employees to be quite knowledgeable (Groissbck, 2016). The efficient rewards and recognition policies of the SWCC in the workplace allow the organization to have a motivated and efficient workforce. The rewards are provided to the efficient employees at various times along with recognizing them in public forums (Al Mallakh, 2015). Business model The SWCC is operated on the basis of its business and operational model. All the functions of the organization are divided among the various business units in the organization. The financial operations of the organization are handled by the finance team and the supply chain management of the business model is handled by the corresponding team. The organization also implements effective human resource policies along with corresponding teams for the effective management of the workforce of the organization. The organization also employs a customer relationship team for the management of customers and various stakeholders of the business operations of the organization. The organized structure of the business model allows the organization to have efficient business operations in the corresponding market (Ahmad, 2014). Conclusion The efficient business operations of the SWCC in Saudi Arabia are based on the development and implementation of various business theories and concepts. The business strategies focusing on these theories and concepts become effective enough to leverage values from the existing implementations. References Ahmad, A., Ramana, M. V. (2014). Too costly to matter: Economics of nuclear power for Saudi Arabia.Energy,69, 682-694. Al-Ibrahim, A. M. (2013). Seawater desalination: the strategic choice for Saudi Arabia.Desalination and Water Treatment,51(1-3), 1-4. Al-Nory, M. T., Graves, S. C. (2013). Water desalination supply chain modeling and optimization: case of Saudi Arabia.IDA Journal of Desalination and Water Reuse,5(2), 64-74. Al Mallakh, R., el Mallakh, R. (2015).Saudi Arabia: Rush to Development (RLE Economy of Middle East): Profile of an Energy Economy and Investment. Routledge. Dorfman, M. S., Cather, D. A. (2012).Introduction to risk management and insurance. Pearson Higher Ed. Glendon, A. I., Clarke, S., McKenna, E. (2016).Human safety and risk management. Crc Press. Grant, D. (2016). Business analysis techniques in business reengineering.Business Process Management Journal,22(1), 75-88. Groissbck, M., Pickl, M. J. (2016). An analysis of the power market in Saudi Arabia: Retrospective cost and environmental optimization.Applied Energy,165, 548-558. Kajenthira, A., Siddiqi, A., Anadon, L. D. (2012). A new case for promoting wastewater reuse in Saudi Arabia: Bringing energy into the water equation.Journal of environmental management,102, 184-192. Khondaker, A. N., Rahman, S. M., Malik, K., Hossain, N., Abdur Razzak, S., Khan, R. A. (2015). Dynamics of energy sector and GHG emissions in Saudi Arabia.Climate Policy,15(4), 517-541. Ouda, O. K. (2014). Water demand versus supply in Saudi Arabia: current and future challenges.international Journal of Water resources development,30(2), 335-344. Ouda, O. K. (2015). Domestic water demand in Saudi Arabia: assessment of desalinated water as strategic supply source.Desalination and Water Treatment,56(11), 2824-2834.

Bonaparte Betrayed The Revolution Essays - Napoleon, French Emperors

Bonaparte Betrayed The Revolution Bonaparte betrayed the revolution. Do you agree with this statement? Justify your answer. Napoleon Bonapartes attitude towards the French Revolution is one that has often raised questions. That the revolution had an influence on Bonapartes regime cannot be denied but to what extent? When one looks at France after Napoleons reign it is clear that he had brought much longed for order and stability. He had also established institutions that embodied the main principles of the revolution. However, it is also evident that many of his policies directly contradict those same principles. Was Napoleon betraying the same revolution that gave him power, or was he merely a pragmatist, who recognised that to consolidate the achievements of the revolution he needed to sacrifice some of those principles? Firstly, in order to determine whether Bonaparte betrayed the revolution it is necessary to define what one means by the revolution. Clearly there never was just one French Revolution, but rather a series of revolutions. These occurred while the French struggled to create a new political and social system one that would follow principles radically different to that of the ancien regime. There were five regimes to French Revolution between 1787 and 1800. However, despite this fragmented revolution the same fundamental principles guided most of the revolutionaries involved. These principles included equality under law, centralisation of government, elimination of feudal rights, religious freedom and careers open to talent, not birth. In short, the three key principles were liberty, equality and fraternity. It is generally thought that Napoleon was a supporter of these principles. Historian Georges Lefebvre wrote that Bonaparte was . a pupil of the philosophies, he detested feudalism, civil inequality and religious intolerance. In order to determine the validity of such a statement, one needs to examine institutions founded by Napoleon and conclude if they contained elements of these principles. The most lasting and enduring of Napoleons achievements is the Code Napoleon. When he came to power, after the coup detat of 18 Brumaire, in 1899, France was administratively in chaos. It was lacking the foundation that was essential in order to institutionalise the triumphs of the revolution. That is until Napoleon drew up his own administrative framework. Initially known as the Civil Code it was promulgated between March 1803 and March 1804. As a set of laws it unified France legally. The submission of all members of society to a common scheme of justice recognised the demands of the revolutionary crowds. In the lists of grievances that had been handed to Louis XVI just prior to the revolution, many had asked that French Laws be uniform . Where Louis had failed to respond, Napoleon acted. Thus he can be seen as building upon the revolution. Equality, a key principle of the revolution was consistently enforced in the code. It guaranteed freedom of the person, freedom of religion and proclaimed freedom of work. The code also required equal inheritance by all male heirs . The manner in which Napoleon efficiently used The Civil Code to centralise power in France is proof that he was following the ideologies of those behind the revolution. In particular ideals of the 1793 revolutionaries, who were anxious for centralisation. Napoleon once declared that The revolution is frozen and the code was his way of preserving achievements brought about by the revolution. One of the main grievances of those involved in the revolution was lack of advancement within society. The Bourgeoisie in particular found it difficult to advance their careers due to birth status. Thus, a catch cry of the revolutionary crowds became Career Open to Talent. Napoleon, upon coming to power, enforced this revolutionary aim of the bourgeoisie. Careers were open to all those with ability, regardless of birth or social status. Napoleon proclaimed in 1816, Wherever I found talent and courage I rewarded it . He backed up this statement by establishing lyce?s. These were secondary schools for boys, where admission was based on ability. Like Napoleon in Animal Farm, education of the young was a priority in Bonapartes society. He created an upward ladder within society, opening an avenue of opportunity for the less wealthy in society by providing scholarships to those displaying ability. The

American Foreign Policy During the Cold War Essays - Free Essays

American Foreign Policy During the Cold War Essays - Free Essays American Foreign Policy During the Cold War Assess the impact of American foreign policy in bringing about the Cold War. Assess the impact of American foreign policy in bringing about the Cold War. The Cold War, distinct for its sustained military and political tensions, dominated global politics for over half a century; therefore, it is not surprising that its origins has been one of the most debated topics in not only the study of American diplomatic history but the world. The Cold War was more as a result of American foreign policy, as by establishing a policy that aimed to prevent the spread of communism it provoked Soviet aggression which as a result set the foundations of intensified tension among two of the world greatest superpowers. In this respect American foreign policy undeniably impacted on the Cold War; a view supported by historians such as William A.Williams. Alternatively, other historians have also increasingly come to a consensus that the Cold War was fundamentally a conflict of diverging ideologies as expressed by John Lewis Gaddis neither superpower can be held solely responsible for the ideological war. That said other factors such as the growing lack of t rust and post-war tension among both superpowers, emphasised in the post-revisionist theory, and the Soviet expansionist policies were also influential in bringing about the Cold War. Nonetheless the importance of American foreign policy in bringing about the Cold War cannot be undermined, as due to its fundamental shift from a long standing effort to reach agreements to a determination to limit Russias expansionism, it increased American involvement and as a result escalated tensions among both superpowers. In a letter from the then Secretary of Commerce, Henry A.Wallace urged Truman to build mutual trust and confidence in order to achieve an enduring international order. He also gave a speech which focused on the necessity of a political understanding with Russia, and that capitalist and communist systems should compete on a friendly basis and gradually become more alike. However the way in which Trumans administration reacted to Wallaces speech by dismissing him, symbolises the distance American foreign policy had moved since the close of World War II. This shift in dynamics of American foreign policy is marked by the use of policies such as the Marshall Plan but in particular the Truman Doctrine, which not only acted as an intrusive intervention into European affairs but also an indirect attack on the Soviet Union. Trumans motives could be numerous, as in addressing the Congress he may have exaggerated Soviet threat, in order to secure the funds. Nonetheless it did in fact have the desired effect as Truman managed to convince both the Congress and the American people, which were isolationist and averse to spending U.S. dollars on a remote region that did not seem to fit into U.S. strategic need. Therefore whilst Truman promised salvation to the world he intentionally took it upon the policy of the United States to support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or outside pressures. That said, the official justification for the Truman Doctrine was to support Greece and Turkey with economic and military aid to prevent their falling into the Soviet sphere. However Stalin was not interested in aiding Greek communist cause as whilst Yugoslavia, Bulgaria, and Albania provided assistance to the Greek communist guerrillas Stalin wanted, in fact, to cap Titos ambitions. This shows how the belief of a Soviet threat that shaped the Truman Doctrine was based on false assumptions. Moreover the fact that the Soviet Union had been less aggressive in the months before the presidents announcement than any time in the post-war period strengthens the contradictory nature of the Truman doctrine. Consequently the impact of the Truman Doctrine exemplifies the significance of American foreign policy in bringing about the Cold War and also leading to a growth of U.S involvement in international relations, since the Doctrine was later used to justify American intervention in the affairs of other sovereign states. In a wider context the Doctrine symbolises the United States post-world war II global leadership role, as the drastic change in strategies translated into Americas foreign policy deepened tensio ns that ultimately brought about the Cold War. Conversely, the Soviet Union

Global warming essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Global warming - Essay Example Since 1980, there has been a massive change in global average temperatures and this has certainly risen significantly within the last century. The core reason behind such indefinite rise in temperature has been caused due to the constant increase in greenhouse gas emissions which has been produced due to various human activities. As a matter of fact, most scientists have agreed on the fact that the atmosphere of the planet’s temperature has risen approximately by 0.7 degree Celsius since 1980 and it there is a threat that it may even continue to increase at this astounding rate in the near future. According to many scientists and researchers, 1990 has been recorded as the hottest ever year in the 20th century. Apart from that, the years 1991, 1983, 1985, 1986 and 1989 have been recorded as some of the warmest years in the 20th century. As a consequence, the constant rise in temperature has also been felt all across the globe. Reportedly, temperature of the earth may rise from a reported 1.6Â °C to 5.9Â °C within the next century (Hughes, pp. 56-61). A huge increase in the quantity of greenhouse gases definitely leads to an increase of global warming in the atmosphere. The increase in greenhouse gases leads to an increase in CO2 emission, which is proposed to be the single largest contributor for global warming because it has the largest share among green house gases within the atmosphere (Schneider, pp. 23-29). However, there are ways through which this issue can be mitigated. A good way to solve this problem is forestation. Plantation of trees can help in restoring the balance which was disturbed by greenhouse gases. The utilization of vehicles which are fuel-efficient and which have lower C02 emissions of dangerous gases can be used to control this global issue. There have been growing concerns regarding CO2 emissions and a massive increase in global temperatures have

Global Leader Carlos Slim Helu - Telecom Research Paper

Global Leader Carlos Slim Helu - Telecom - Research Paper Example How did such a young boy with no substantial wealth become the richest person in the whole world? Business men intend to be sharp and ruthless which he was but what made him so special that he remained the world’s richest person for three years even with the likes of Bill Gates breathing down his necks? Here we will try to analyze his approach to business and his worth ethics and strategies that have driven his tremendous success (forbes, n.p.). From an early age Carlos Slim showed exceptional ability in business related matters so his father who was an entrepreneur himself groomed him from an early stage. His father had fled Lebanon along with his brothers to make a living in Mexico and he survived the competitive streets while making a name in business. Carlos Slim was also raised to be in the same mould of competitive behavior and as time showed that appeared to be his main attribute in achieving success. At the tender age of 12, he was handed his father’s real estat e business which he co handed and did extraordinary work but his thoughts were focused on other things so he gained an engineering degree and became a stockbroker and worked his magic in the stock business for some while with huge profits so much that by the age of 26, his net worth was forty million dollars. But due to his nature, he never wanted to be in the stock business for good rather he wanted to become a real business man with permanent interests in the leading industries of the world. His phenomenal rise by trading stocks and later in all the leading businesses that he started commanding benefited from his outrageous talent of organizing and mastery of discrete mathematics. His level in the mastery of numbers and linear programming (even though it had tedious application back in the 1960s) was considered unparalleled and unique. It enabled him to understand the worth and the potential of several fields that were not so profitable in the early days of their conception like t he now trillion dollar industries of telecom, tobacco and oil. After doing considerable research and numerical study, he decided to buy the second largest tobacco company Cigatem in Mexico back in 1981 which made Marlboro brand of cigarettes (Rubin, 99). With expansion and modernization, he transformed the company into huge profits which he used to buy into more companies and gain control. Until now, Slim wasn’t in the elite circle of businessmen but from now onwards he began the real climb towards success. In 1982, the oil prices went downhill due to the expansion of the Middle East oil well business which affected the Mexican economy so the businesses began to tumble and he took advantage of the situation and made ridiculously good bargains. He also invested in the Mexican businesses in USA like Hershey Corporation and Reynolds Aluminum and earned mighty profits. He also invested in the Mexican financial services. He was a true ruthless businessman and from now onwards he s tarted making total monopolies and drove competitors away with relative ease. His monopoly of the communication industry is also evident of this fact with Telmex and Movil his primary concerns nowadays which he purchased dirt cheap and helped transform them into the largest telecom operators in the region just because of the insight he possessed. In the later part of eighties, he purchased more large companies that had major futures in Aluminum, copper and chemicals and expanded his business.

The Coffee Company Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

The Coffee Company Report - Essay Example Out of the 5 running stores, two are not able to generate any profit and the managers believe that this is because of the locations of the stores. One of the partners suggested consulting a marketing research firm however, the other partners think of it as a costly endeavor. The concept of using GIS technology for combining the business information with the demographic data for assessing the proper location for the stores is also being considered by the business partners. However, balancing the financial issues with the strategic planning problem is a complex process for the firm which urged the partners to cancel the bespoke software development and other IT projects of The Coffee Company.  Ã‚   Based on the given case, the partners of The Coffee Company have selected two options for generating their profit earning process. The first option is to focus on the relocation of the two stores that are not operating in a profitable manner and the second option is to improve the customer service process of the concerned stores for increasing the volume of customer footfalls. In the words of Reid and Hinkley (2006), the location of a business house has a major influence on the operational and strategic decision-making process of a firm. Newby (2009) specified that factors such as consumer convenience, the presence of target consumers, market competition, transpiration for procurement of resources, demography and cultural background can the help the business in assessing the contribution of a location for business sustainability.  Changing the location of the stores for The Coffee Company has to be conducted based on proper information that would allow them to make quick decisions and implement them.  

Ship Machinery And Equipment Maintenance

Ship Machinery And Equipment Maintenance Ship machinery maintenance is of predominant importance for accurate operation of each ship. For this purpose, the ships machinery plant should be kept well maintained and clean at all times for assuring safe and smooth operation and functionality of the ship. Furthermore, it is most significant that ample new spare parts and equipments are carried on board in order to correctly accomplish maintenance in due time under the supervision of fully competent staff according to the manufacturers instructions. Moreover, Crankshaft deflections need to be taken frequently at regular intervals. Fuel oil and Lube oil must be analyzed in order to ensure that they do not contain any debris or contamination. Main as well as auxiliary engines result in a breakdown that cause severe damage like fire that may require the ship from terminating its services until lengthy and costly repairs and maintenance measures are accomplished. Experts acknowledge the fact that maintenance requirements are not standardized. However, these requirements will differ substantially from one ship to another. Some ship owners employ a fundamental preventative maintenance policy, while others operate more sophisticated systems based on condition monitoring. This is why machinery surveys are adopted in flexible basis so as to plan according to owners existing business processes and schedules. An approach that is based on operating at schedules intervals offers a manageable and controlled maintenance program. Although, it may not be most efficient, a maintenance program is tailored to operational performance trends, and manifested by individual elements of machinery. Furthermore, by evaluating the condition monitoring data, the extent to which machinery is opened for surveys is considerably reduced. This approach may be applied to a vast variety of reciprocating and rotating shipboard machinery. For instance, Tail-shafts can be contr olled and monitored on frequent basis, thereby allowing lengthy periods between withdrawals for accurate inspection. The time interval between raising main stream turbine casings may be extended in a similar fashion. As a result of this, unproductive repair as well as dry dock downtime may be kept to a minimum level. Interestingly, based on Reliability-centered maintenance (RCM), further optimization of the maintenance program can be obtained. This technique employs a structured assessment of functions for deriving the most efficient maintenance strategy. Also, operational performance can be improved by maintaining ship availability and keeping downtime minimal. For proper machinery maintenance and loss prevention, following measures must be undertaken: Lubricating Oil: Lubricating or lube oil sampling should be maintained at frequent levels and regularly recorded as a recommended practice. Also, lube oil purifiers must be operated continuously and adequately. The gravity disc should be chosen so as to achieve the desired oil-water interface at a maximal level of temperature nearing 90 deg C according to the specifications. Furthermore, the lube oil feed system applied to the purifiers must be evaluated for ensuring the optimum flow rate between the feed pump and the purifiers capacity. Old lube oil feed system designs utilize a direct drive pump that bears a large capacity as against the recommended flow through the purifiers. If the system contains heavy contamination of water, the lube oil in the sump tank should be transported to a settling tank, the sump tank must be cleaned, and new fresh oil must be filed to the minimum level as recommended by the engine manufacturer. Moreover, the contaminated lube oil is drained and circulated by the purifiers and after analysis, the future use if the oil is assessed. If solid particles are determined in the system, the piping system should be cleaned and the entire engine must be flushed. Crankshaft Safety: The engine should be stopped as soon as the oil mist detector alarm rings or overheating of engine is detected. To avoid further damage, the main cause of overheating of engine must be identified and correction measures must be taken before the engine is restarted. The lube oil must be kept clean as far as possible by continuously using the lube oil purifiers at the recommended temperature over 90 deg C. Also, lube oil filters must be maintained and placed in clean and suitable environment by frequent routines. Crankshaft deflections should be regularly taken in order to ensure that the operation of the engine is within the limit as permitted by the manufacturer. Bunkers: Bunkering processes that includes fuel-testing procedures must be carefully reviewed for ensuring accuracy in procedures while dealing with off-specification bunkers. Each precaution must taken to make sure that adequate amount of bunker supplies are made available in order to allow proper testing before any new bunkers are used. Furthermore, water, high ash and total sediment potential content also must be considered as well as high sodium and water content that indicates the presence of seawater within the bunkers. At sea, loss of structural integrity due to grounding and collision are the most significant contributors to accidental pollution. Hulls must be designed by considering two most important factors; (1) improvement in the hull strength as well as energy absorption, and (2) sufficient residual strength subsequent to damage for allowing salvage operations. So far, the major focus is on preventing pollution from tankers. Nevertheless, there is now greater concern related to the potential consequences of damage and accidents to bunker tanks and other types of ships, some which may be carrying thousand tones of fuel oil. Present R D, as far as improving hull strength and energy absorption is concerned, is focusing on the development and advancement of modified calculation methods that are to be used for measuring the ability of varying structural assemblies to withstand ground forces and collision. When the entire numerical simulations done by the finite element method is taken into accoun t, examining the experimental results have proven the significance of including the vertical motion of the ship especially for grounding simulations along with the motion of the struck object or striking ship to evaluate collision simulations. Moreover, significant amount of research has been dedicated to the evaluation of existing as well as proposed design solutions for improvement of collision and grounding strength. 2-D methods have been employed for evaluation of relatively simple post-accident strength for the anticipation of the collapse strength of a hull girder. By using these methods, the capability of the damaged ship to survive can be assessed by a skillful comparison between the measured strength and the environmental loads; the latter being calculated without considering the result of the accidental damage on the loads and motions acting on the ship. Therefore, research is on-going with the main objective on improvement of ship response calculation methods corresponding to the effects of damage for both mobile offshore units and the ships. The following are said to be the major R D requirements in these areas: Conceptions about ship subdivision in order to minimize the effect of impacts on the hull, as well as concepts for hull structure design for increasing the residual strength and the resistance to impact after damage. Particularly, further development and enhancement of energy absorbing side and double bottom shell designs and their evaluation through full-scale tests and models along with comprehensive numerical models. Integrating numerical models for external dynamics, i.e. ship motions, and internal mechanics. Developing ways of securing bunker tanks from grounding and collisions for new ship designs. Developing simplified calculation techniques and methods for prediction of energy absorption abilities of particular structural solutions. Developing design criteria for prevention of pollution as a result of collision and grounding Analysis of collected casualty information on grounding and collision with the main goal to develop environmental impact indexes and reference design scenarios able to talk for the energy absorption and varying structural configurations. Apart from grounding and collision, other major causes of loss of hull integrity are fatigue/fracture problems, excessive loading, and consequences of corrosion. Corrosion is reduced by supplying additional thickness to the plate at the design stage and employing corrosion protection systems, many of which are based on coatings requiring maintenance throughout the life of the ship. Also, corrosion problems can be dealt with by good detail design of the hull structure. A factor that provides potential is design for maintenance; for instance, by ensuring suitable access for inspecting local structures as well as for applying coatings. Thus, the main R D needs covering this area are concerned with the design and structuring of ship hulls for corrosion reduction/prevention and for easier inspection and maintenance. Planned maintenance system (PMS) deals with scheduling, planning and performance of each and every important machinery on board a ship. Furthermore, PMS software is deployed to every ship for carrying out the operations of the ship in an efficient manner. All the PMS functionalities are carried out according to their schedules. This not only ensures efficient working of the machinery but also help in avoiding any sort of mishap caused due to poor maintenance. To carry out all the maintenance works in a timely manner, PMS software is used. A PMS software is fabricated for a ship based on the type and number of machinery the ship possesses. A job card is assigned to every machine that consists of every detail about the machinery. Each job card has three main components. A PMS software gives an accurate estimation of the maintenance schedule overdue or nearing, and enables the user to plan and submit the completion report, by which the next maintenance date is automatically rescheduled (Hayman et al).

Philosophy of Classroom Discipline Essay -- essays research papers

Philosophy of Classroom Discipline â€Å"Power is exercised only over free subjects, and only insofar as they are free. By this we mean individual or collective subjects who are faced with a field of possibilities in which several ways of behaving, several reactions and diverse compartments may be realized.† (Foucault) Foucault and Heidegger, modern philosophers, both describe power in these terms, as the facility to manipulate an object without force. Understanding this point of view is important, not only for state institutions who attempt to exert power over citizens and deviants, but also for teachers as they try to use disciplinary power to control the events in their classroom. Unfortunately, the majority of status quo disciplinary systems are entrenched in the mindset that power can be exerted over individuals through the use of coercive punishments and threats, actions which usually have the complete opposite result, less control over the students. A system that more closely mirrors Thomas Gordon’s view of discipline as self-control would be a far superior disciplinary model because it recognizes the true nature of power. Thomas Gordon’s disciplinary model specifically critiques the use of coercion and intimidation to exert power and control over students. Coercion to Gordon only reinforces a notion that violence is an acceptable form of control. Additionally, coerced and intimidated students will often retaliate against authority figures who attempt to exert coerciv...

Culinary Arts: Garde Manger Essay

One of the major problems with cross-language translations involving those that are rarely used together (i. e. Finish Lithuanian) is that there are no dictionaries available or it is extremely difficult to find one. The main problem is that there are not enough people to create a market and no one would invest in creation of such kind of dictionaries. English-based dictionaries, however, is of abundance. This project tackled the above cited problem in Cross Language Translation using English as its base dictionary. Artificial intelligence through Neural Networks was used as it appeared well-suited to problems of this nature. For this reason, artificial intelligence through neural networks was investigated as a potential tool to improve translation accuracy but future implementation was left as a possibility. WordNet ® was also investigated as source of defining English words and possible tool to achieve greater accuracy in cross-language translations. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to take this opportunity to thank all those who have contributed in any way, shape or form to the completion of this project report, those at Zodynai. org and the Anglia Ruskin University for their advice and support. Thanks to my friends and family who (once again) tolerated my lack of time and sometimes grumpy demeanour. More thanks to friends at Anglia Ruskin University for their ideas and criticism. Your support (directly and indirectly) is greatly appreciated. T A B L E O F C O N T E N T S ABSTRACT Acknowledgements TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION OBJECTIVES METHODOLOGIES DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION RESULTS AND DISCUSSION CONCLUSION AND EVALUATION BIBILIOGRAPHY APPENDICES A Project Specification B User/Software Installation Guide A C Software Installation Guide B D Poster and Visual Presentations E Source Code F Abbreviations and Acronyms INTRODUCTION The multilingual world and the barriers it entails. A large number of people across the world converse in English thus it serves as the primary lingua franca for developments in the research world. Most publications and journals are published in such language. This leaves publications in other languages inaccessible and apparently, information in English is withheld from those millions who do not speak English (Diekema 2003) Recent trends promote the construction of a far-reaching complex infrastructure for transporting information across boundaries. Apparently, language shares a vital portion in the hindrances presented by National borders. Whilst the fact is inevitable that English remains the most spoken language in the whole world and though, it is true that the spread of ‘World English’ can promote cooperation and equity, longstanding linguistic competition threatens to be even more divisive in a globalizing world. (Maurais et al n. d. ) A lot is currently going on to overcome these linguistic barriers. The most efficient approach to overcoming such is with cross-language translation and in this literature it will well be mostly in the web-based-online-dictionary aspect of such approach. English has always been the main focus of information retrieval, well, that is by tradition. Many of them retrieval algorithms and heuristics stem from English speaking countries and thus are based on the said language. Over the years, these retrieval methods have been adopted by other language communities, creating a wide selection of language-specific monolingual retrieval systems. However, to ensure complete information exchange, information retrieval systems need to be multilingual or cross-lingual. (Diekema 2003) There are a lot of ways to pin down the hindrance of being in this multi-lingual world, the barrier of being in a world divided by being in English- or Non-English-speaking territories. And, as presented, the most researched approach is through Cross-Language translation. OBJECTIVES Main problem that we are facing when translating with English based dictionary is connecting various language data bases. One of solutions for this program is to create a base dictionary (as seen in Figure 1). Figure 1 Other major problem is that performing translation a lot of noise is created. As seen in Figure 2. Figure 2 We can examine this in greater detail in Figure 3. Word Autobusas is translated from Lithuanian language to Russian based on English language. Two different possible translations occur (bus, omnibus) when translating Lithuanian -> English. First word â€Å"bus† translated from English to Russian has three meanings â€Å"Ð °Ã ²Ã'‚Ð ¾Ã ±Ã'Æ'Ã' Ã¢â‚¬  †Ã ¾Ã ¼Ã ½Ã ¸Ã ±Ã'Æ'Ã' Ã¢â‚¬  †Ã'ˆÐ ¸Ã ½Ã °Ã¢â‚¬  word translated. As first few are synonyms third one has totally different value and meant â€Å"Topology bus†. As you can see on reverse translations †Ã'ˆÐ ¸Ã ½Ã °Ã¢â‚¬  will going to give you four different meanings translated in Lithuanian language. Figure 3 We are going to investigate WordNet and Neural networks approach for possible solution of this problem. METHODOLOGIES Cross-Language Information Retrieval, its promise. Information retrieval entails an individual querying about something of interest to him. Inevitably, since we are life forms known to be ever inquisitive, we do Information Retrieval in every aspect of our living. This event so commonly happens in a lot of situation and may be best displayed in a Library when a student picks his book of choice. Formally, let us define Information Retrieval (IR) as the process in which users with information need query a collection of documents to find those documents that satisfy his need. (Diekema 2003) In the electronic realm, the user queries by typing in related words, the system then processes these keywords to create a representation understandable by the system. In the course of the procedure, the system usually strips off non-bearing fragments of the query keywords such as articles like determiners, prepositions, and pronouns. The document collection undergoes the same process resulting to a list of document representations or a catalogue. To find documents that are similar to the query, the ‘stripped off’ query representation is then matched against the catalogue. When a certain degree of similarity between the catalogue and the ‘stripped off’ query has been established, the documents with the uppermost similarity scores (depending on the settings, say top 10) are shown to the user as results. This occurs typically during browsing through the internet and Google. comTM best displays this example. A development of IR is CLIR – the Cross-Language Information Retrieval, which, as the name implies, is information retrieval in a multi-linguistic environment. Consequently, CLIR techniques simplify searching by multilingual users and allow monolingual searchers to judge relevance based on machine translated results and/or to allocate expensive translation resources to the most promising foreign language documents. (Diekema 2003) Simple IR systems only consist of a Query, an Input Cleanser, a Matcher, the Document database and the Output, in logical order. The addition of Language Translators would make this system a Cross-Language Information Retrieval system. Of course the Document database would now contain multi-lingual entries as well and the output is to be presented in the way the query has been placed in the input. Figure 4 would show the Cross-Language Information Retrieval system in schematics. The method Cross-language Retrieval Systems promises users to state their queries in their native language and retrieve documents in all the languages supported by the system. (Diekema 2003) Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning. Artificial intelligence (AI) results to simulation of intellectual practice such as comprehension, rationalization and learning symbolic information in context. In AI, the automation or programming of all aspects of human cognition is considered from its foundations in cognitive science through approaches to symbolic and sub-symbolic AI, natural language processing, computer vision, and evolutionary or adaptive systems. (Neumann n. d. ) AI considered being an extremely intricate domain of problems which during preliminary stages in the problem-solving phase of this nature, the problem itself may be viewed poorly. A precise picture of the problem can only be seen upon interactive and incremental refinement of course, after you have taken the initial attempt to solve the mystery. AI always comes hand in hand with machine logistics. How else could mind act appropriately but with the body. In this case, a machine takes the part of the body. In a bit, this literature will be tackling about AI implemented through Neural Network. The author deems it necessary though to tackle Machine learning and thus the succeeding paragraphs. Machine Learning is primarily concerned with designing and developing algorithms and procedures that allow machines to â€Å"learn† – either inductive or deductive, which, in general, is its two types. At this point, we will be referring to machines as computers since in the world nowadays, the latter are the most widely used for control. Hence, we now hone our definition of Machine Learning as the study of methods for programming computers to learn. Computers are applied to a wide range of tasks, and for most of these it is relatively easy for programmers to design and implement the necessary software. (Dietterich n. d. ) Machine learning techniques are grouped into different categories basing on the expected outcome. Common types include Supervised, Unsupervised, Semi-supervised or Reinforcement learning. There is also the Transduction method and the ‘Learning to learn’ scheme. A section of theoretical computer science, Computational Learning Theory is the investigation on the computation of algorithms of Machine Learning including its efficiency. Researches on Machine Learning focuses mainly on the automatic extraction of information data, through computational and statistical methods. It is very much correlated not only to theoretical computer science as well as data mining and statistics. Supervised learning is the simplest learning task. It is an algorithm to which it is ruled by a function that automatically plots inputs to expected outputs. The task of supervised learning is to construct a classifier given a set of classified training examples (Dietterich n. d. ). The main challenge for supervised learning is that of generalization that a machine is expected in approximating the conduct that a function will exhibit which maps out a connection towards a number of classes through comparison of IO samples of the said function. When many plot-vector pairs are interrelated, a decision tree is derived which aids into viewing how the machine behaves with the function it currently holds. One advantage of decision trees is that, if they are not too large, they can be interpreted by humans. This can be useful both for gaining insight into the data and also for validating the reasonableness of the learned tree (Dietterich n. d. ). In unsupervised learning, manual matching of inputs is not utilized. Though, it is most often distinguished as supervised learning and it is one with an unknown output. This makes it very hard to decide what counts as success and suggests that the central problem is to find a suitable objective function that can replace the goal of agreeing with the teacher (Hinton & Sejnowski 1999). Simple classic examples of unsupervised learning include clustering and dimensionality reduction. (Ghahramani 2004) Semi-supervised learning entails learning situations where is an ample number of labelled data as compared to the unlabelled data. These are very natural situations, especially in domains where collecting data can be cheap (i. e. the internet) but labelling can be very expensive/time consuming. Many of the approaches to this problem attempt to infer a manifold, graph structure, or tree-structure from the unlabelled data and use spread in this structure to determine how labels will generalize to new unlabelled points. (Ghahramani 2004) Transduction is comparable to supervised learning in predicting new results with training inputs and outputs, as well as, test inputs – accessible during teaching, as basis, instead of behaving in accordance to some function. All these various types of Machine-Learning techniques can be used to fully implement Artificial Intelligence for a robust Cross-Language translation. One thing though, this literature is yet to discuss the planned process of machine learning this research shall employ, and that is by Neural Networks. There is yet to be a precise definition as to what Artificial Neural Network is, though many researchers would agree that it concerns a network of austere processing elements – otherwise known as the neurons, which presents complex behaviour established by the relationship amongst processing and parametrical elements. The main inspiration that lead to the development of this technique was from the investigation of, no lesser than, our Central Nervous System and the neurons (including their axons, dendrites and synapses) which make up its most important information processing elements. A neural network model would show us that simple nodes are connected forming a network of nodes — thus, its coining as â€Å"neural network. † A Neural Network functions in 2 different manners – learning and testing. The former would literally mean, the system learns the ways it is supposed to behave while the latter is when rigorous repetition of training would eventually result to a stable system, defined by its giving of constant satisfactory outputs. Most â€Å"abstract reasoning† of an Artificial Neural Networks are being implemented through three learning types – supervised, unsupervised and the reinforced learning, as has been introduced in the preceding paragraphs. Supervised learning entails a functional relationship between the input and the output. The system has to learn every possible IO pair that can be thought of. In case, there is a miss, all that has to be done is to input the said pair into the memory of the system hence when it resurfaces, the system knows how the handle it. Hence, basically, the goal is to ‘teach’ the network to identify the given input with the desired output. (Sordo 2002) This is usually best achieved when function f has already been derived to represent the behaviour of the Neural Network system. For unsupervised learning, we feed an input and a function to the system and record what behaviour the system outputs with such input and function. To begin with the learning process, there are no IO-pairs as opposed to supervised learning. Ultimately, the main goal of achieving the stable state will be attained through rigorous repetition of test with different sets of inputs. This type of systems – imploring unsupervised learning as its method of learning, are best displayed in statistical modelling, and the likes. Reinforcement learning stems its roots from the related psychological theory that has been conceived even before AI has been. Dynamically, in this type of learning, the machine interacts with its environment by producing actions a1, a2, †¦ These actions affect the state of the environment, which in turn results in the machine receiving some scalar rewards (or punishments) r1, r2, †¦ The goal of the machine is to learn to act in a way that maximizes the future rewards it receives (or minimises the punishments) over its lifetime. Reinforcement learning is closely related to the fields of decision theory (in statistics and management science), and control theory (in engineering). The fundamental problems studied in these fields are often formally equivalent, and the solutions are the same, although different aspects of problem and solution are usually emphasised. (Ghahramani 2004) Advantages of investing a system through Neural Networks. Neural networks with always have the outstanding characteristic of deriving intelligence from the usually complicated and, oftentimes, fuzzy data stored in the neurons. These systems, oftentimes, offer to be easy utilities to deduce patterns and perceive trends that are difficult to be noticed by either human observation or by our current computer intelligence. A trained neural network is regarded as an â€Å"expert† in the category of information it has been given to analyze. This expert can then be used to provide projections given new situations of interest and answer â€Å"what if† questions. (Chung et al 2007) It is used for adaptive learning on how to handle tasks based on the input provided for training or preliminary experience. It is a self-organizational tool that hones its own picture of the data it receives in as early as learning time. Neural networks another feature is that it is a real-time operation system where all calculation may be performed in parallel. Fault Tolerance via Redundant Information Coding is another aspect of the neural system where partial destruction of a network leads to the corresponding degradation of performance. However, some network capabilities may be retained even with major network damage. The platform to a successful implementation. Several environments can be used in totally implementing a Cross-Language Translator through with the various and fast developments in computer technology since its introduction. In the succeeding paragraphs we will be tackling some of those that has come the author’s A-list. Microsoft . NET Framework. This framework form part of Microsoft Windows operating systems, containing a vast number of pre-coded resolutions to general program requirements, and governing the performance of programs written particularly for the framework. This framework is a vital Microsoft contribution and is projected on being utilized by most applications created and to be created for Windows platform. Pre-coded solutions outlining the framework’s Base Class Library (third layer from Operating System in the . NET Framework) encompass a wide range of software requirements in areas including: cross language translation, user interface, database connectivity, cryptography, data access, web application growth, network communications, and numeric algorithms. This layer contains classes, value types, and interfaces that you will use often in your development process. Most notably within the . NET Framework Base Classes is ADO. NET, which provides access to and management of data. Supervising the software’s runtime requirements, this software is written for the . NET Framework implemented in an environment. This runtime environment, which is also a part of the . NET Framework, is known as the Common Language Runtime (CLR). The CLR provides the appearance of an application virtual machine, so that programmers need not consider the capabilities of the particular CPU that will implement the program. The CLR also provides other significant services such as security mechanisms, memory management, and exception handling. The class library and the CLR together compose the . NET Framework. The . NET Framework is included with Windows Server 2003, Windows Server 2008 and Windows Vista, and can be installed on some older versions of Windows. .NET Framework 1. 1 This is the first major . NET Framework upgrade that is accessible on its own as a redistributable package or in a software development kit since its publishing on April 3, 2003. It forms part of the second release of Microsoft Visual Studio . NET – the Visual Studio . NET 2003, and is the first version of the . NET Framework to be included as part of the Windows operating system, shipping with Windows Server 2003. 7 .NET Framework 3. 5 This version was authoritatively released to manufacturing (RTM) on November 19, 2007. As with . NET Framework 3. 0, this version applies the CLR of version 2. 0. It also installs . NET Framework 2. 0 SP1 adding some methods and properties to the BCL classes in version 2. 0 which are vital for version 3. 5 features such as Language Integrated Query (LINQ). These changes, however, do not involve applications written for version 2. 0 and a separately, new . NET Compact Framework 3. 5 was released in hand-in-hand with this revision to give support for additional features on Windows Mobile and Windows Embedded CE devices. The source code of the Base Class Library in this version has been partially released under Microsoft Reference License. 7 .NET Framework 3. 5 builds incrementally on the new features added in . NET Framework 3. 0 – for example, feature sets in Windows Workflow Foundation (WWF), Windows Communication Foundation (WCF), Windows Presentation Foundation (WPF) and Windows CardSpace. This version also consists of a number of new features in several technology areas which have been added as new assemblies to avoid breaking changes. They are: (a) deep integration of Language Integrated Query (LINQ) and data awareness which will let to write code written in LINQ-enabled languages to filter, enumerate, and produce projections of several types of SQL data, collections, XML, and datasets by means of the same syntax; (b) ASP. NET AJAX 3. 5 lets you craft more resourceful, more interactive and highly-personalized Web experiences that work transversely with almost all the most popular browsers; (c) The New Web protocol sustain for building WCF services adding AJAX, JSON, REST, POX, RSS, ATOM, and several new WS-* standards; (d) Full tooling support in Visual Studio 2008 for WF, WCF, and WPF, including the new workflow-enabled services technology; and, (e) New classes in . NET Framework 3. 5 base class library (BCL) that address many common customer requests. Visual Studio 2008 and the . NET Framework 3. 5. The Microsoft Visual Studio development system is an appropriate development instrument devised to aid developers to tackle complex problems, thus create inventive resolutions. This system’s role is to improve the development process; hence, achieving breakthroughs would be easier and more satisfying. Using the Microsoft Visual Studio Development system will be very productive for this project since it would continually deliver better ways for cross language translations with less energy and with ease from other software. It has efficient form of code editors, IntelliSense, Wizards, and multiple coding languages in one integrated development environment (IDE) to high-tech applications in life- cycle management. New versions of Visual Studio keep bringing innovative tools to help developers focus on solving problems without wasting time. With this development system, software developers gain from an integrated product experience that spans tools, servers, and services. Visual Studio products work well together with other Microsoft software, such as Microsoft server products and the Microsoft Office system. Visual Studio offers a comprehensive choice of tools for all phases of software development, testing, deployment, integration, and management. Every kind of software developer, from novice to skilled professional, can use the Visual Studio because it is engineered to support the development across all types of devices such as PCs, servers, the Web, and mobile devices. Visual Studio is the most reliable tool that is engineered and tested to be always dependable, secure, interoperable, and compatible. Visual Studio offers an unparalleled combination of security features, scalability, and interoperability. Although Visual Studio always incorporates forward- thinking features, it is designed to ensure backward-compatibility everywhere possible. Being a set of technology capabilities, core products, and best practice guidance, the Microsoft Application Platform (MAP) focuses on aiding IT and development business partners to maximize opportunity. As one of its core products, Visual Studio has always and continues to help spearhead for the right customer links, business efficiencies, and value-added services through provision of a fully integrated and single development environment for all types of advances, including Microsoft Windows, Microsoft Office, Web, and mobile applications.

How does social pressures affect the family Essay Example

How does social pressures affect the family Essay Example How does social pressures affect the family Paper How does social pressures affect the family Paper There are many social pressures that affect todays family, not only in the Bahamas, but also all over the world. Some of these pressures are: unemployment, lack of finance, and alcoholism just to name a few. Social pressures such as domestic violence and substance abuse have resulted in an increased crime rate in the Bahamas. According to my research, money has been a primary source of survival for the family for a very long time. It is a fact that while there are some families that rake in a large amount of income there are those that have very little money. The most efficient way to obtain money is to get a job. However there are some people who want to work but cant find a job, thus resulting in the problem of unemployment. As you can imagine life is very difficult for the unemployed, especially if they have a family to take care of. Being an unemployed parent is even more difficult than being an unemployed person without a family. The parent is faced with the task of feeding, clothing, and sheltering his/her family. This can only be achieved by having money. They receive bills that they know they cant pay so they just let them pile up all the time promising to pay them. Finally it becomes so bad that the bank seizes everything that wasnt paid for out of pocket. That includes the house, furniture and car or cars. Thus the family is now on the streets with no means of transportation or income. In the case where both parents are working and one loses their job the working spouse is left with the responsibility of taking care of the family. What used to be handled by both finance wise is now only handled by one. Here again we see the problem of paying the bills. Believe it or not unemployment may also be a cause of divorce. Heres an example of how this can happen. The working spouse may come home after a long, hard day of work and meet the house filthy because the unemployed spouse did not care to clean or even straighten it up a little. After working so hard meeting the house in this state may easily anger the working spouse. Words exchanged between both spouses concerning this matter may lead to a fierce argument. Arguments like these can then force either spouse to file for a divorce. A social pressure can also take the form of Domestic Violence also known as spousal abuse. This is simply emotionally or physically harmful acts between people in an intimate relationship. Abuse between intimate partners can be physical, psychological, sexual and economical. Spousal abuse affects every member of the family. If the spouse that is being abused is abused physically they may obtain injuries so bad that it becomes virtually impossible to work without protesting in pain. Spousal abuse also affects the family financially seeing that more money would have to be used on medical bills than usual. The victim of spousal abuse may fall into a deep state of depression. So deep that all he/she can think about is death and committing suicide to escape the pain. They may become drug and alcohol dependant and thus slowly but surely waste away, not caring about anything . Not their appearance, attitude, children, nutritious needs or anything else. With their parent being in such a state the children may take advantage of it and do things they would not have normally done if their parent wasnt in that state. Another social pressure that affects the family greatly and is very common is alcoholism. Often the cause of alcohol abuse is stress. This stress could be brought on by overworking with little pay or abusive spouses. The actions of a person under the influence of alcohol can be terrifying and even fatal, if not to others, to himself. If the alcohol dependant person is the one handling all the financial papers in the house, the family would eventually find themselves in a state of debt, if another person doesnt take over that job, due to the alcoholic forgetting to pay the bills. An alcohol influenced person may become angry and violent towards his spouse and children for no apparent reason. Thus the children are afraid to even come home or speak to that parent. Eventually after the children are abused so many times they may feel a need to put some alcohol in their system to deal with the situation and here we see a pattern begin to form. An alcoholic child is just as bad as an alcoholic adult maybe even worse. Being so young they may have more unbelievable ideas then the adult. They may come up with things to do which they think is fun but in truth can prove to be fatal. The parent of this alcoholic has to deal with the shame and violent acts that are committed by the child. He/she will want to spend as much time helping the child as possible. This could cause the other siblings to feel neglected and unloved and they too can fall into a great depression. Every family member is faced with a social pressure at one point in time, but it is up to them as an individual to decide whether they would let the pressure affect them positively or negatively. If the family goes through the phase and comes out unharmed they will most likely become a stronger family.

Laetoli - 3.5 Million Year Old Hominin Footprints

Laetoli - 3.5 Million Year Old Hominin Footprints Laetoli is the name of an archaeological site in northern Tanzania, where the footprints of three homininsancient human ancestors and most likely Australopithecus afarensiswere preserved in the ash fall of a volcanic eruption some 3.63-3.85 million years ago. They represent the oldest hominin footprints yet discovered on the planet.   The Laetoli footprints were discovered in 1976, eroding out of a gully of the Nagarusi river, by team members from Mary Leakeys expedition to the main Laetoli site. Local Environment Laetoli lies in the eastern branch of the Great Rift Valley of eastern Africa, near the Serengeti Plain and not far from Olduvai Gorge. Three and a half million years ago, the region was a mosaic of different ecotones: montane forests, dry and moist woodlands, wooded and unwooded grasslands, all within about 50 km (31 miles) of the footprints. Most Australopithecine sites are located within such regionsplaces with a wide variety of plants and animals nearby. The ash was wet when the hominins walked through it, and their soft print impressions have given scholars in-depth information about the soft tissue and gait of Australopithecines not available from skeletal material. The hominin prints are not the only footprints preserved in the wet ashfall: animals walking through the wet ash included elephants, giraffes, rhinoceroses and a wide variety of extinct mammals. In all there are 16 sites with footprints in Laetoli, the largest of which has 18,000 footprints, representing 17 different families of animals within an area of about 800 square meters (8100 square feet). Laetoli Footprint Descriptions The Laetoli hominin footprints are arranged in two 27.5 meter (89 foot) long trails, created in moist volcanic ash which later hardened because of desiccation and chemical change. Three hominin individuals are represented, called G1, G2, and G3. Apparently, G1 and G2 walked side by side, and G3 followed along behind, stepping on some but not all of the 31 footprints of G2. Based on known ratios of the length of a bipedal foot versus hip height, G1, represented by 38 footprints, was the shortest individual of the three, estimated at 1.26 meters (4.1 feet) or less in height. Individuals G2 and G3 were largerG3 was estimated at 1.4 m (4.6 ft) tall. G2s steps were too obscured by G3s to estimate his/her height. Of the two tracks, G1s footprints are the best preserved; the track with footprints of both G2/G3 proved difficult to read, since they overlapped. A recent study (Bennett 2016) has allowed scholars to identify G3s steps apart from G2 more clearly, and reassess the hominin heightsG1 at 1.3 m (4.2 ft), G3 at 1.53 m (5 ft). Who Made Them? At least two sets of the footprints have been definitely linked to A. afarensis, because, like the fossils of afarensis, the Laetoli footprints do not indicate an opposable great toe. Further, the only hominin associated with Laetoli area at the time is A. afarensis. Some scholars have ventured to argue that the footprints are from an adult male and female (G2 and G3) and a child (G1); others say they were two males and a female. Three dimensional imaging of the tracks reported in 2016 (Bennett et al.) suggests that G1s foot had a different shape and depth of heel, a different hallux abduction and a different definition of the toes. They suggest three possible reasons; G1 is a different hominin from the other two; G1 walked at a different time from G2 and G3 when the ash was sufficiently different in texture, producing differently shaped impressions; or, the differences are a result of foot size / sexual dimorphism. In other words, G1 may have been, as others have argued, a child or a small woman of the same species. While there is some ongoing debate, most researchers believe that the Laetoli footprints show that our Australopithecine ancestors were fully bipedal, and walked in a modern manner, heel first, then toe. Although a recent study (Raichlen et al. 2008) suggests that the speed at which the footprints were made might affect the kind of gait required to make the marks; a later experimental study also led by Raichlen (2010) provides additional support for bipedalism at Laetoli. The Sadiman Volcano and Laetoli The volcanic tuff in which the footprints were made (called the Footprint Tuff or Tuff 7 at Laetoli) is a 12-15 centimeter (4.7-6 inches) thick layer of ash which fell on this region from the eruption of a nearby volcano. The hominins and a wide variety of other animals survived the eruptiontheir footprints in the muddy ash prove thatbut which volcano erupted has not been determined. Until relatively recently, the source of the volcanic tuff was thought to be the Sadiman volcano. Sadiman, located about 20 km (14.4 mi) southeast of Laetoli, is now dormant, but was active between 4.8 and 3.3 million years ago. A recent examination of outflows from Sadiman (Zaitsev et al 2011) showed that the geology of Sadiman does not fit perfectly with the tuff at Laetoli. In 2015, Zaitsev and colleagues confirmed that it was not Sadiman and suggested that the presence of nephelinite in Tuff 7 points to the nearby Mosonic volcano, but admit that there is not conclusive proof as of yet. Preservation Issues At the time of excavation, the footprints were buried between a few cm to 27 cm (11 in) deep. After excavation, they were reburied to preserve them, but the seeds of an acacia tree was buried within the soil and several acacias grew in the region to heights of over two meters before researchers noticed. Investigation showed that although those acacia roots did disturb some of the footprints, burying the footprints was overall a good strategy and did protect much of the trackway. A new conservation technique was begun in 1994 consisting of application of a herbicide to kill all the trees and brush, the placement of biobarrier mesh to inhibit root growth and then a layer of lava boulders. A monitoring trench was installed to keep an eye on the subsurface integrity. See Agnew and colleagues for additional information on the preservation activities. Sources This glossary entry is a part of the About.com guide to Lower Paleolithic, and the Dictionary of Archaeology. Agnew N, and Demas M. 1998. Preserving the Laetoli foodprints. Scientific American 279(44-55). Barboni D. 2014. Vegetation of Northern Tanzania during the Plio-Pleistocene: A synthesis of the paleobotanical evidences from Laetoli, Olduvai, and Peninj hominin sites. Quaternary International 322–323:264-276. Bennett MR, Harris JWK, Richmond BG, Braun DR, Mbua E, Kiura P, Olago D, Kibunjia M, Omuombo C, Behrensmeyer AK et al. 2009. Early Hominin Foot Morphology Based on 1.5-Million-Year-Old Footprints from Ileret, Kenya. Science 323:1197-1201. Bennett MR, Reynolds SC, Morse SA, and Budka M. 2016. Laetoli’s lost tracks: 3D generated mean shape and missing footprints. Scientific Reports 6:21916. Crompton RH, Pataky TC, Savage R, DAoà »t K, Bennett MR, Day MH, Bates K, Morse S, and Sellers WI. 2012. Human-like external function of the foot, and fully upright gait, confirmed in the 3.66 million year old Laetoli hominin footprints by topographic statistics, experimental footprint-formation and computer simulation. Journal of The Royal Society Interface 9(69):707-719. Feibel CS, Agnew N, Latimer B, Demas M, Marshall F, Waane SAC, and Schmid P. 1995. The Laetoli Hominid footprintsA preliminary report on the conservation and scientific restudy. Evolutionary Anthropology 4(5):149-154. Johanson DC, and White TD. 1979. A systematic assessment of early African hominids. Science 203(4378):321-330. Kimbel WH, Lockwood CA, Ward CV, Leakey MG, Rak Y, and Johanson DC. 2006. Was Australopithecus anamensis ancestral to A. afarensis? A case of anagenesis in the hominin fossil record. Journal of Human Evolution 51:134-152. Leakey MD, and Hay RL. 1979. Pliocene footprints in the Laetolil Beds at Laetoli, northern Tanzania. Nature 278(5702):317-323. Raichlen DA, Gordon AD, Harcourt-Smith WEH, Foster AD, and Haas WR, Jr. 2010. Laetoli Footprints Preserve Earliest Direct Evidence of Human-Like Bipedal Biomechanics. PLoS ONE 5(3):e9769. Raichlen DA, Pontzer H, and Sockol MD. 2008. The Laetoli footprints and early hominin locomotor kinematics. Journal of Human Evolution 54(1):112-117. Su DF, and Harrison T. 2015. The paleoecology of the Upper Laetolil Beds, Laetoli Tanzania: A review and synthesis. Journal of African Earth Sciences 101:405-419. Tuttle RH, Webb DM, and Baksh M. 1991. Laetoli toes and Australopithecus afarensis. Human Evolution 6(3):193-200. Zaitsev AN, Spratt J, Sharygin VV, Wenzel T, Zaitseva OA, and Markl G. 2015. Mineralogy of the Laetolil Footprint Tuff: A comparison with possible volcanic sources from the Crater Highlands and Gregory Rift. Journal of African Earth Sciences 111:214-221. Zaitsev AN, Wenzel T, Spratt J, Williams TC, Strekopytov S, Sharygin VV, Petrov SV, Golovina TA, Zaitseva EO, and Markl G. 2011. Was Sadiman volcano a source for the Laetoli Footprint Tuff? Journal of Human Evolution 61(1):121-124.

Drawing on observations from the Polish-German borderland, critically Essay

Drawing on observations from the Polish-German borderland, critically examine the effects which Europeanisation - or EU-isation - Essay Example Once this has been done, the impacts that Europeanisation has had upon the Polish-German borderland will then be highlighted and both the advantages and disadvantages of closed borders will be discussed. Applicable text books, journal articles and online databases will be accessed by conducting both a library and online search. Once the evaluation has been made, an appropriate conclusion will then be drawn, demonstrating that Europeanisation does significantly affect the borderness nature of Eastern Europe. Main Body Europeanisation is a process of change whereby a non-European subject adopts various European features. This has been defined as â€Å"a process involving; construction, diffusion and institutionalisation of formal and informal rules, procedures, policy paradigms and shared beliefs† (Cini, 2007: 407). The European features are initially defined and consolidated within the policy process of the EU and subsequently incorporated into domestic structures. This effecti vely creates a borderless world which was identified by Ohmae (1990: 172) when he stated that; â€Å"national borders have effectively disappeared and, along with them, the economic logic that made them useful lines of demarcation in the first place.† Despite this contention, borders are still greatly important in helping to develop regions that are divided by state boundaries and also for analysing modern geography relating to politics and economics (Nelles and Walther, 2011: 6). They also form part of an ideology and help to demonstrate the limits associated with territorial ownership and control (Herrschel, 2011: 173). They have a significance beyond economics, since borders in all areas of life affect the ways that people perceive themselves and their role in the world: â€Å"Borders are integral to human behaviour – they are a product of the need for order, control and protection in human life and they reflect our contending desires for sameness and difference, f or a marker between ‘us’ and ‘them’.† (O’Dowd, 2002: 14-15). Borders are therefore vital in helping to distinguish different identifies, and yet since the 1989 Revolutions; borders within the EU have undergone some important transformations. Both the re-bordering and de-bordering of the EU has taken place and these processes vastly complicate the ways that people view their own local, regional and national identities. Whilst this proliferation of identities may seem contradictory, greater flexibility now exists for people to step outside both the mental and physical limitations of previous decades. As the example of the Russian-Finnish border has shown, some dimensions of border transformation are relatively easy to implement, while others remain relatively impervious to new rulings, even at the national and international level. This is because â€Å"boundaries are understood as institutions and symbols that are produced and reproduced in soci al practices and discourses† (Paasi, 1999:669). It is this level of symbolic meanings, passed on from person to person through social interaction that is so vital for the successful advance of Europeanisation. Without this level of social engagement to aid with transformation of the deeper significance attached to the border location, any amount of administrative