Female Genital Mutilation Essay -- essays research papers fc

The practice of female genital mutilation, also known as female circumcision, occurs throughout the world, but it is most common in Africa. Female genital mutilation is a tradition and social custom to keep a young girl pure and a married woman faithful. In Africa it is practiced in the majority of the continent including Kenya, Nigeria, Mali, Upper Volta, Ivory Coast, Egypt, Mozambique and Sudan. It is a cross-cultural and cross-religious ritual, which is performed by Muslims, Coptic Christians, Protestants, Catholics and members of various indigenous groups.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Female genital mutilation is usually performed on girls before they reach puberty. It is a procedure where either part or the entire clitoris is surgically removed leaving a reduced or total lack of sexual feeling. This procedure is an attempt to reduce the sex drive of women, making them less likely to be sexually active before marriage or engage in extra-marital affairs. Although this procedure can be seen as a means to control a woman’s sexuality, the act of female circumcision determines the gender identity of women. A circumcised woman is a virgin, ready for marriage and to bear children for her husband, â€Å"Girls who are infibulated will probably not find husbands. In most cases they will become outcasts.†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Female genital mutilation is not a new practice. In fact circumcised females have been discovered among the mummies of ancient Egyptians. A Greek papyrus dated 163 BC refers to operations performed on girls at the age they received their dowries. A Greek geographer reported the custom of circumcision of girls he found while visiting Egypt in 25 BC. In Africa female circumcision has been reported in at least twenty-six countries and can be viewed as a public health problem â€Å"because of its wide geographic distribution, the number of females involved and the serious complications caused by the operation.†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Female genital mutilation is practiced in three major forms: â€Å"Sunna† circumcision, Clitoridectomy, and Infibulation. Sunna circumcision consists of the removal of the tip of the clitoris and/or the prepuce (covering). Clitoridectomy, also referred to as excision, consists of the removal of the entire clitoris (both prepuce and glans) and removal of the adjacent labia. Infibulation, also referred to as phara... ...s, and aunts footsteps, which would bring shame against herself and tarnish her family honor. Female genital mutilation is such a brutal and barbaric practice that it is amazing it is still occurs today. The health hazards associated with it should be enough to have it terminated. However, the reasons women have forgoing through with the operation is the custom of female genital mutilation is so engrained in their sociocultural system. The importance of family honor, virginity, chastity, purity, marriageability, and childbearing in these societies cannot be overstressed. Therefore in the minds of the people who adhere to this belief, the benefits gained from this operation for the girl and her family far outweigh any potential danger.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Works Cited Female Genital Mutilation. See: http://www.religioustolerance.org/fem_cirm.htm Female Genital Mutilation Research Homepage. See: http://www.hollyfield.org/fgm/ Kouba, Leonard and Judith Muasher 1985 Female Circumcision in Africa: an Overview. African Studies Review 28:95-110. Van Der Kwaak, Anke 1992 Female Circumcision and Gender Identity: A Questionable Alliance? Social Science and Medicine 35(6):777-787.

Native Tribes

Cormac McCarthy’s â€Å"Blood Meridian† deals with racism in the form of The Judge’s attitude toward the orphans, the tangible efforts of the gang to be more savage, and even in the Kid’s role in the border skirmishes between the American settlers, the Native Americans and Mexicans living along the border. In a novel that some have called the greatest American novel since â€Å"Moby Dick†, McCarthy discusses racism on an inherent level, making people examine the historical context and the situation itself. Remarkably, the novel has a lasting appeal as a commentary on the way Americans address their southern neighbors even today.The first evidence of racism the book offers is in the Judge’s attitude towards the orphans. The Judge is a pedophile, raping the orphans and then killing them or having them killed to hide his indiscretion. In his mind, the Judge justifies his actions with the thought that many of the children in the orphanage are hal f-breeds and somehow therefore less important than people who are purely Caucasian. In his mind, the Judge and others who look after the orphans, even as wantonly as the Judge does, are doing their Christian duty and providing for children that are otherwise unwanted.In this way, the book takes a hard and accurate look at the racism that was prevalent in the West regarding children descended from Native Americans and Europeans. The children were dismissed by white society as half savage and by the Native populations because they often represented the humiliation of one of the women of the tribe—either voluntarily or involuntarily. To some extent, these children were more accepted in the Native populations when their parents were both accepted by the tribe, but even then they were mostly second class citizens.The next evidence of racism and its extreme application comes from the Gang. Though the gang is composed of outlaws of Caucasian and Native descent, as a means of instill ing terror in their victims, the gang resorts to scalping those they killed. As history demonstrates, only a very small number of Native Tribes took scalps as counting coup, but the stereotype of the novel and of the gang members was that Injun’s took scalps and that would make people more afraid of them. It is also interesting to note that primary targets of the gang were settlers coming up from Mexico or those of Hispanic descent.The stereotype that the Mexican were outlaws or lazy ot somehow second-class citizens is prevalent in the novel. Perhaps equally interesting in the long-term is the prejudice within the Hispanic/Mexican/Chicano community itself. Even now, those who are descendents of the Spanish Conquistadors are sometimes offended by being identified as Mexicans, whom they identify as those of mixed blood between the conquistadors and the Native American people of Central America. However, Chicanos in Southern California would be equally offended by being called a Hispanic as they take pride in their connection to Mexico.The fact that this racism persists to this day is both interesting and depressing at the same time. The simple reality of Cormac McCarthy’s novel is that it portrays an evil man attempting to justify his actions via racism and a gang of thugs using racism to make themselves seem bigger and badder than they are, when in truth murder should have been enough. McCarthy’s ability to capture the tenor and reality of the racism without pandering to it does make this a novel worth reading.

Visa H-2A trabajar en EU como temporero en agricultura

Con una visa H-2A se puede trabajar temporalmente en Estados Unidos en el sector agrà ­cola. Y es que es un hecho que la agricultura en USA està ¡ en manos de trabajadores extranjeros. Se estima que hasta el 50 por ciento de dichos trabajadores son indocumentados. El resto son residentes, ciudadanos y, un buen nà ºmero, personas con visas de trabajo temporal H-2A. El dato fundamental para que las embajadas y consulados emitan los visados es que es necesario cumplir una serie de requisitos que regulan quià ©n puede obtenerlos y en quà © condiciones. Y, por supuesto, contar con el patrocinio de una empresa americana. Ciudadanos de quà © paà ­ses pueden solicitar una visa H-2A Para poder beneficiarse de esta visa el primer requisito que hay que cumplir es ser nacional de un paà ­s designado anualmente en una lista especial por el gobierno de Estados Unidos. El 18 de enero de 2019 se publicà ³ en el Registro Federal un listado de 84 paà ­ses cuyos ciudadanos pueden tener esta visa. Tipo de trabajo Ha de estar relacionado con la agricultura, incluyendo los servicios agrà ­colas, y ha de ser de carà ¡cter temporal o de temporada. Cà ³mo se inicia el proceso para obtener estas visas El patrono agrà ­cola o las organizaciones de productores del campo son los que inician el proceso. Es decir, no se puede ir al consulado y decir: quiero aplicar para una visa H-2A. En primer lugar la empresa que contrata debe conseguir una certificacià ³n del Departamento del Trabajo, ya que para poder solicitar un trabajador extranjero deberà ¡ probarse que no hay en Estados Unidos personas con permiso de trabajo y con la calificacià ³n y el deseo necesarios para realizar ese tipo de trabajo. Con esta certificacià ³n en la mano, se solicita al Servicio de Inmigracià ³n y Ciudadanà ­a (USCIS, por sus siglas en inglà ©s) mediante el formulario I-129 la autorizacià ³n para solicitar a un trabajador extranjero con carà ¡cter de no inmigrante. Es decir, es un trabajador laboral y al acabar el trabajo o llegar la fecha de expiracià ³n de la visa debe salir de Estados Unidos. Si el USCIS da su aprobacià ³n, entonces la persona extranjera podrà ¡ solicitar ante la Embajada o consulado americano que le corresponda una H-2A. Tiene que  pagarse la cuota o arancel correspondiente por su tramitacià ³n y si no se cumplen todos los requisitos, la visa puede ser denegada. Cà ³mo tienen conocimiento de estos trabajos los extranjeros que se encuentran en sus paà ­ses Es comà ºn que este tipo de empleo se ofrezca a travà ©s de agentes, reclutadores o agencias de servicio de empleo. Estos agentes no pueden solicitar ningà ºn tipo de cuota, arancel o pago al trabajador extranjero a cambio de ofrecerles un puesto de trabajo. Se recomienda utilizar los servicios de una agencia o reclutador con excelente reputacià ³n. Este es un listado de mà ¡s de 60 reclutadores de visas H-2A y tambià ©n H-2B en Mà ©xico  con explicacià ³n de cà ³mo es el reclutamiento, problemas y cà ³mo verificar la reputacià ³n de los reclutadores y agencias. Validez de la visa H-2A En general este tipo de visa se concede por un periodo de 1 aà ±o. Puede extenderse hasta dos veces por un periodo de un aà ±o hasta un total de 3 aà ±os. Se deberà ¡ entonces abandonar Estados Unidos por tres meses antes de volver a aplicar por una nueva visa. Hay que tener en cuenta que la condicià ³n fundamental para que la visa sea và ¡lida es que el empleado està © realmente trabajando. Si el extranjero con una visa H-2A no se presenta a trabajar en los cinco dà ­as siguientes a la fecha de inicio de empleo o si es despedido, o si se ausenta del trabajo cinco dà ­as seguidos sin notificar al empleador la razà ³n de la ausencia entonces el patrono notificarà ¡ dichas faltas al USCIS y las autoridades migratorias entienden que se està ¡ violando las condiciones de la visa y, por lo tanto, ya no es và ¡lida. Lo mismo sucede si el trabajo se acaba al menos 30 dà ­as antes de la fecha programada. Si el trabajo que se ha venido a hacer se ha acabado, se debe abandonar Estados Unidos. En este artà ­culo se puede consultar informacià ³n mà ¡s en detalle sobre con cuà ¡ntos dà ­as de antelacià ³n al inicio del trabajo se puede ingresar a Estados Unidos. Y tambià ©n sobre el periodo de gracia para salir del paà ­s una vez que finaliza la labor. Familiares de trabajadores temporales en la agricultura Si la persona que recibe una visa H-2A està ¡ casada puede viajar a Estados Unidos con su esposo o mujer y sus hijos, siempre y cuando à ©stos està ©n solteros y sean menores de 21 aà ±os. Los familiares tendrà ¡n una visa  H-4 y no està ¡n autorizados a realizar ningà ºn tipo de trabajo durante su estancia en EUA. La H-2B Esa es otra visa que permite trabajar temporalmente en Estados Unidos, pero que està ¡ limitada a trabajos no agrà ­colas. Es comà ºn que se utilice para trabajar en un resort, en ferias, etc.  Es decir, las H-2A y las H-2B son parecidas, pero al mismo tiempo tienen objetivos completamente diferenciados. No deben confundirse. Puntos Clave: Visas H-2A  ¿Para quà © es la visa H-2A?: para trabajar en agricultura temporalmente en EE.UU.Paà ­ses cuyos ciudadanos pueden optar a estas visas: 84, de los que son hispanohablantes Argentina, Chile, Costa Rica, Colombia, Ecuador, El Salvador, Espaà ±a, Guatemala, Honduras, Mà ©xico, Nicaragua, Panamà ¡,Paraguay, Perà º, Repà ºblica Dominicana y Uruguay.Tramitacià ³n de la visa H-2A: empresa estadounidense inicia el proceso solicitando certificacià ³n al Departamento de Trabajo, despuà ©s envà ­a papeles a USCIS y el tercer paso es la entrevista en la embajada o consulado.Tiempo de la visa: por 1 aà ±o, que puede extenderse a un mà ¡ximo de 3 aà ±os.Visas para los familiares: el cà ³nyuge y los hijos solteros menores de 21 aà ±os de una persona con visa H-2A pueden obtener una visa H-4. Con dicha visa, pueden estudiar en EE.UU. pero no pueden trabajar.