Macroeconomics and Microeconomics difference Essay

Macroeconomics and Microeconomics distinction - Essay Example Microeconomics manages singular interest and flexibly of individual merchandise and enterprises in the market. The law of interest expresses that as cost expands, the amount of products requested reductions different things held consistent thus amount requested and cost are contrarily related. The law of gracefully then again, states that as cost builds the amount of merchandise provided increments different things held consistent thus a positive connection between amounts provided and cost. The size of progress in amount requested relies upon value versatility of interest and gracefully (Mankiw and Taylor, 2006). In any case, there are numerous components other than value that influences the amount of merchandise requested and provided prompting an adjustment popular or change in gracefully. An adjustment in value causes developments along the interest and flexibly bend different elements held steady. Wessels (2006) contends that there will undoubtedly be changes which influence req uest or gracefully such us level of pay and climate changes. The interest for a decent or administration is influenced by the cost of the great, pay of family unit and the firm, riches, tastes and inclinations, cost of different items, number of families requesting a decent or administration (Anderton, 2000). On the off chance that the pay builds, family units have all the more buying power henceforth request more products and ventures along these lines moving the interest bend to one side and if pay diminishes, families lessen the interest for merchandise in this way moving the bend downwards. Same case applies to increment or abatement in the abundance of firms and family units. Be that as it may, it relies upon the kind of good or administration. For a second rate great, an expansion in salary or riches prompts decline in amount requested of the great however for typical products, an expansion in pay or riches prompts more interest for the great (Beggs, 2011). Mankiw (2011) takes note of that an adjustment popular because of progress in tas te and inclination or cost of related items relies upon the sort of products influenced. For instance, if a purchaser changes his/her inclination from Pepsi to coke which are substitute merchandise, the interest for coke increments while interest for Pepsi diminishes. For substitute products, an expansion in cost of one great prompts an expansion in amount requested of the other great. For instance, if cost of coke builds comparative with the cost of Pepsi, purchasers move request from coke to Pepsi which fills a similar need. For complimentary merchandise, an expansion in cost of one great prompts decline in amount requested of the other great. Macroeconomics manages total interest and total flexibly in the economy. Total interest contains; utilization, venture, government consumption, fares and imports or the genuine national yield (GDP). As Kyer and Maggs (1994) puts it, macroeconomics isn't worried about value versatility, minimal expenses and incomes just as individual decision s yet rather government approaches and the conduct of the economy all in all. The total interest in the economy isn't influenced by cost but instead different factors, for example, desires for family units, pay, riches, loan costs,

NURSING CAPSTONE PRACTICUM Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

NURSING CAPSTONE PRACTICUM - Research Paper Example In spite of the fact that it is felt that evaluating the material and figuring out how to address PC created questions are the ideal planning techniques for the NCLEX-RN assessment, systems that assemble self-assurance, information, and the demonstrable skill of the medical attendant are similarly significant (Hermann and Johnson, 2009). There are a few distinct sorts of testing styles, and every understudy will be OK with an alternate kind of assessment style, contingent upon which bit of the cerebrum they are most open to utilizing; the individuals who are generally alright with the left frontal projection incline toward oral introductions, conceptual inquiries, outline, exposition questions, insightful composition, and numerous decision questions. Understudies who are prevalent in their correct frontal flap lean toward automated article questions, venture entries, and arrangement questions. Those whose chief flap is the left back projection are best with coordinating inquiries, va lid or bogus inquiries, and exact retention, while those whose important projection is the correct back are awkward with any type of test, lean toward down to earth questions, and feel an impulse to take part in discussion around the assessments (Taylor, 2012); when the understudy knows about what class they fall into, they can work to adjust to that style, and defeat the challenges that might be introduced because of the sort of testing style utilized on the NCLEX-RN assessment. Most understudies will investigate various NCLEX readiness assets notwithstanding taking a broad NCLEX arrangement or audit course preceding taking the assessment; they will likewise no doubt get to a NCLEX Self-Assessment module (University of Washington, 2013) ,, for example, the one found at Test Prep Review (Test Prep Review, 2013). Key viewpoints in ensuring that the understudy finishes the NCLEX-RN assessment incorporate

Corporate and Business Law - 1925 Words

Corporate and Business Law (Essay Sample) Content: Name Professor Course/Unit Date Submitted Corporate and Business Law 1 Introduction Business executives consult the legal counsel to get legal advice and guidelines applicable to daily operations of the organization. There are business issues that require the legal services. Such matters include compensation, legal issues on the shareholders, taxation system, employment and agreement that pertains sale, purchase, and finance. Other activities that businesses engage in are commercial contracts, mergers, and acquisition as well as leases. There are also rules and regulations set by the government for the interest of the nation and the citizens, and the company is supposed to comply. The rule of law also applies in the relation between the client and the business. . The law is also in providing solutions on claims that can occur when the sale made does not satisfy the consumer and also to tackle matters regarding the breach of contract.[Riches, Sarah. Business Law. Pearson Education UK, 2005. Print.] 2 Understanding the Corporate and the Business Law The term business law is interchangeably used to refer to the commercial law. Business law is part of the civil laws and constitutes the private law and the public law. Essentially, the business law deals with relations, rights, and the conduct of the parties engaged in commerce. On the other hand, the corporate law deals with the relations and general interactions among the partners, shareholders, employees, and the consumers of the product and services of the given company. The corporate law is one of the prominent the law of business associations. Therefore, this law has provisions that ensure that the shareholders in the company have limited liability in case the make low profits.. Finally, both the business law and the corporate law have been developed from the English law which relies much on the legal precedents and the statutes. 3 Law Case Study An example is used of Harriet who owns a business that offers professional cleaning services. Harriet purchased a vacuum cleaner from a company called Super Sucker limited; she intended to use the tool to attend the cleaning services in a contract she obtained to clean Simon's house that is on sale. However, upon opening the box containing the cleaner, its power supply was not present. She also ran into another misfortune when her car hit the tree and she had to incur the cost of repair. Similarly, she did not clean the house as stipulated in the contract. Consequently, the owner of the house sold the house at a lower price than the expected value something that he attributed to the failure to clean so as to attract the price that was satisfactory. Simon who was the owner of the house decided to sue Harriet for the loss made by selling at a lower price. As such Harriet had to consider the possibilities of legal implications and the legal consequences on the Super Sucker Ltd due the i nconveniences that resulted from the lack of the power supply of the vacuum cleaner.According to the Byrne v Tienhoven (1880) case, a contract is non-binding if the decision to revoke it is communicated before the contract is accepted. Once the contract is accepted, it becomes valid. However, Harriet still has certain remedies to consider upon the Super Suckers Limited such as damages to the contract since one of the reason the house was not cleaned is due to lack of the particular machine. Remoteness and mitigation for the loss can be other remedies in case Harriet is found liable for the chance that Simon lost to make profit. The case is considered to be remote since the damage was not expected nor foreseen. The case that clearly illustrate the remoteness of the damage is that of Hadley v Baxendale [1854] .[The is case was ruled based on remote results] Application of Law The claims can be of wide range, for instance, for example, failure to honor the agreement and violation of the contract. The consequences, if found guilty as charged in the civil case can be compensation for the damage, loss or injury and it is determined during the trial. The reason for compensation is to make the situation even for both parties involved. The burden of proof, in this case, lies on both the house owner referred as Simon and Harriet. If Simons proofs that indeed Harriet's failure to execute contributed to the reduction in price, Harriet need to counter the proof by convincing the judge on the reasons why she failed to fulfill the promise. The judge must be convinced beyond doubt before passing the judgment. Therefore, the judge might have to rely on legal precedents or even the ratio decedendi to provide a fair verdict. A legal precedent allows the judge to consider certain previous cases to make the ruling as opposed to the ratio dicidendi where part of the judgment is reflected. The case entails unilateral contract between Harriet and Simon due to the presence of a single promise to clean the house. The second contract exists between the Super Sucker Limited and Harriet. According to Dahlia v Four Millbank Nominees [1978] case a contract whose implementation has been initiated cannot be terminated and thus Super Sucker Company has an obligation to ensure that the cleaning machine is working.["Dahlia V Four Millbank Nominees [1978] | Case Summary | Webstroke Law". Webstroke.co.uk. N.p., 2016. Web. 25 Aug. 2016.] There two kinds of losses encountered in the case study; that is, the lost chance to make profit. In this case Simon anticipated some profits by selling the house to Barry but instead, sold it to Rogers at a lower price. With regard to Chaplin v Hicks [1911] case law, the court argued that Chapline should be paid a certain amount for having missed the opportunity for a job interview as a result of the late invitation. Similarly, there is the probability that the court could rule out in favour of Simon and thus Harriet will have to pay him certain amount of money. A contract is valid if the promises therein have been fulfilled to the extent that the parties involved are contented. A contract is one of the civil laws that depend on the legal agreement between the parties. The parties involved are required to acknowledge the agreements, and they should be mature and of sound mind so that the contract can remain valid. Also, for the contract to be valid, several factors need to be con sidered. An offer is an expression that forms the subject the contract with certain terms and conditions. The person who makes an offer is an offeror while the one who accept the offer is the offeree. On the other hand, acceptance refers to an indication by the offeree that they are ready to respect the terms and conditions of the offer. The key players in the establishment of the contract are supposed to show concern or interest for the value of the offer and make the decision based on the intent.[Although the damages could not be assessed with certainity, this did not prevent the court from setting the amount to be paid. See Poole 389] The breach of contract happ...

Questions On Managerial Accounting Module 3 - 1629 Words

Managerial Accounting: Module 3 M. Peter Aspen University: BSU510 10-26-14 Exercise E3-28A, page 144: Recording journal entries 1. Journal entry for Dutch fabricators: As indicated on page 119,120,121 and 122 below are the journal entries. 1 .A. Accounts entry DEBIT CREDIT a Raw Materials Inventory $190000 Accounts Payable $190000 1.b b Work in Process Inventory $152000 Manufacturing Overhead $22000 Raw Materials Inventory $174000 1.c. c Work in Process Inventory $190000 Manufacturing Overhead $35000 Payable Wages $225000 1.d. d Manufacturing Overhead $30000 Depreciation pant/equipment $20000 Payable Utilities $10000 1.e. e Work in Process Inventory $81000 Manufacturing Overhead $81000 2. Actual manufacturing overhead $87000 Allocated manufacturing overhead $81000 By end of January manufacturing overhead cost has been under allocated by $6000 Exercise S4-19, page 209: Quality Initiative Decision 1. Based on the explanation on page 201 below are the details of each cost and respective category: a. Prevention costs: i. Negotiating with and training suppliers to obtain higher-quality material and on-time delivery. ii. Redesigning the speakers to make them easier to manufacture b. Appraisal costs: i. Additional 20 minutes of testing for each speaker. ii. Avoid inspection of raw material c. Internal failure costs: i. Rework avoided because of fewer defective units. ii. Lost productionShow MoreRelatedEND OF SEMESTER EXAMINATION MANAGEMENT ACCOUNTING1680 Words   |  7 PagesProgramme : BBA Level of Study : 3 Time : 2.30 pm – 5.30 pm Date : 26/05/2013 Duration : 3 Hr(s) 0 Min(s) Course Code : ACC 3515 Section(s) : 1-4 Course Title : Management Accounting (This Question Paper Consists of 9 Printed Pages including the cover page) DO NOT OPEN UNTIL YOU ARE ASKED TO DO SO INSTRUCTION(S) TO CANDIDATES 1. ANSWER ALL QUESTIONS. 2. SHOW ALL WORKINGS. 3. 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To cite this article: Bob Gammie , Elizabeth Gammie Erica Cargill (2002): Personal skills development in the accounting curriculum, Accounting Education: An InternationalRead MoreA Project Report on Management Information System at Acc Ltd.4281 Words   |  18 Pages |3 | | |EXECUTIVE SUMMARY |4 | |1 |INTRODUCTION – DEFINITION OF MIS |5 | |2 |OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY |6 | |3 |SCOPERead Moretuurism3981 Words   |  16 Pages Module Study Guide Financial Management West London Business School Module Title Module Study Guide Module Code AC60003E Level 6 Credits 20 AY2012-2013 Version No 1  © UWL 2012 Module Title Module Study Guide Contents Page No. Module Leader and Teaching Team Details 3 Facts and figures Section A Overview and Content 1 Welcome and Introduction to the Module 5 2 AdministrativeRead MoreReflection on How to Make the Most of Working in Collaboration with Others972 Words   |  4 Pagesconcepts and help students take charge of their own educational experience (and, therefore, practice making meaning for them).† Therefore, through reflection, we can make connections and examine our learning processes. 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Manufacturing Engineering The Industrial Revolution

Manufacturing Engineering Matthew Cantrell Institution Course Date Abstract Manufacturing Engineering has been perceived as a separate engineering discipline in the present. Most of what manufacturing entails in the present stems from what was evident in the past. The industrial revolution is also responsible for fostering development of new engineering disciplines that are exclusively devoted to the engineering of manufacturing. The industrial rebellion realized the factory framework, steam engine invention, advanced metal cutting, and machine tools production. There are various recognized early pioneers of manufacturing engineering. Matthew Boulton, and James Watt are some of the engineers who assembled, and fabricated Watts Steam engine besides produced the engine commercially (walker Crowson, 2010). Eli Whitney invented the cotton gin that facilitated more production of cotton. In the 18th and 19th century, manufacturing engineering responsibilities and duties were controlled by the factory or shop supervisors. There was no particular specialist in pro duction control, manufacturing engineering, industrial engineering, and quality control. However, as the manufacturing company and factories got larger and more complex, the supervisors could not manage the process nor did they have sufficient knowledge to handle tooling, planning or material control. Consequently, there was an augmented effort for expertise in engineers, and technicalShow MoreRelatedMy Statement of Purpose: Transitioning from Production Engineering to Industrial Engineering827 Words   |  3 PagesTransitioning from Production Engineering to Industrial Engineering Introduction My greatest achievements, continual passion for learning, and drive to excel in educational pursuits are all predicated on a fascination with engineering. 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Engineers Code of Ethics

Question: Describe about the Term for Engineers Code of Ethics. Answer: Preliminary The 2010 Engineers Code of Ethics surely marks a watershed and is a compendium for skills and good practice that professionals should embrace. Accordingly, the code of ethics assigns a pivotal role, which cannot be snuffed as negligible, to individuals in the engineering firmament. At the outset, steadfast and impartial measures to ensure that the demands of the code are given life must be a priority. Demonstrate integrity It will be fatuous to downplay the essence of integrity as it is the natural and inherent impulse of life to seek to protect and respect the dignity of other individuals who may likely be affected by the consequences of ones actions. This assertion stems from the wisdom supplied by the neighbor principle enunciated in the famous dicta authored by Lord Atkin.(Stevenson,1932) In its concrete manifestation, integrity demands of managers and professionals to practice the principle of honesty and trustworthy. Needless to say, ignorance is on the face of the law no defense hence professionals should act on a well-informed conscience bearing in mind that the reward of ignorance is disasters such as the one in dispute now.( Stewart, Sprinthall, and Shafer, 2001) Practice Competently Lack of knowledge and skills typically defines incompetency. The challenging question embedded in this whole debate on the disaster that occurred is whether the team of professionals in BHP Billiton Ltd possessed enough skill and expertise to prevent the crisis. It would be strategically unreasonable to dissociate the calamity from the veracity that it indeed manifested an ineptitude and complicit team of professionals from BHP Billiton Ltd. It should thus be conceded that the capacity of the professional to display a coherent and principled approach in handling of affairs in the profession is absolutely essential in defending ones competence. (Australian Institute of Builders, 2001) Exercise Leadership The term leadership is nothing new but rather as old as human civilization. It is the conveyor belt towards a successful career in any profession. The entire BHP Billiton Ltd could easily sleep into a comma if the professionals fail to facilitate true leadership. It is inconceivable that with plausible leadership skills that are predicated on honesty and effective communication, the disaster would have transpired. In this sense, it is vital that such skills are cultivated in a manner that incorporates diversity and uphold the reputation of the profession. ( Davis, 2001) Impeccable leadership is manifested by proper vision, purpose and it influences judgement in practice. Promote Sustainability It is imperative to note that every action of an engineer should be one that furthers the advancement of better lives of the society and ensures the protection of the environment and natural resources. BHP Billiton Ltd offended the above principle as there was a massive environmental destruction including a devastating effect on the livelihoods of the settlers around that has since presented intractable problems for the locals. This should not be the aim of a professions undertakings. Resommendations Preliminary The tragedy that occurred in the samarco case mirrors a company that still has a long way to go to fully embrace the code of ethics and conduct. It is worth noting that the code of ethics is still a command only on paper in the company. It is the failure or the laxity of the management to ensure effective and efficient running of the company that bespeak of the companys lack of commitment to breathe life to the code of ethics. It is equally not enmesh in controversy that the reputation of the company has been watered down. It is however advisable that they apply the below recommendations. At the onset it is paramount that the company obeys the Golden Rule that states that do unto others what you expect them to do to you. ( Badger, and Gay 1996) Impact on society/Negligence The samarco case could be one of negligence. Negligence occurs where one person owes another a duty of care but breaches such a duty. The tort of negligence entails failing to do what a reasonable person ought to do that in end caused damage. It is submitted to the corporation that they ought to contemplate their neighbors and the consequences of their act or omissions which eventually have an impact on society. The duty of care gives rise to a legal obligation that they should not harm others and that they ought to reasonably foresee any such harm. The company should thus exercise reasonable standards of care and skill expected of the engineering profession. (Charles and Martin, 2002) Professional negligence attracts liability as was held in Turner v Garland and Christopher,1853 (Barrister,1914) where a roof collapsed because of negligence in architectural design. Disclosure The principle of full disclosure raises a legal obligation to act in utmost good faith and honesty. Members of BHP Billiton Ltd should cultivate cooperation among them that includes disclosing material information to the relevant authorities in the company. A breach of such a duty amounts to a professional misconduct. (Harris , Pritchard, Rabins, 1995) The duty of disclosure encourages a good working relationship among colleagues in the company. Integrity The company management may be involved in questionable atrocious conducts that may ruin the reputation of the company and eventually affect the financial standing. Such conducts include cases of massive corruption .The company should thus invest in mechanisms to ensure that that such practices are not bred in the company. Cases of embezzling funds lead to substandard projects being performed which may later cause an accident. The management should thus create an ecosystem that is a stalwart of integrity. Competence The company should have regulations formulated to ensure that highly qualified personnel are employed. Half-baked professional are disastrous to the company as there level competency put the company to a risk of failure to meet its objectives. (Mason, 1998) The personnel should possess a standard of skill and knowledge that is expected of their profession. If this is effected even cases acts omissions that lead to Negligence will no longer be in issue. 3. Preliminary It is a general principle in law that one has to read and appreciate the terms of a contract before signing any contract. (Paterson Robertson, 2015) It was held in Toll (FGCT) Pty Ltd v Alphapharm Pty Ltd, 2004 that parties to a contract are bound by the terms in the contract once they have signed regardless of whether they read or understood the terms. Such terms essentially covers liabilities and exclusion clauses that any buyer ought to be aware of before appending a signature. The discussion in this question falls within the rubric of Australian Consumer Law (ACL) and the common law of contract. Product Defects The ACL has long recognized that goods sold to a consumer must be of merchantable quality. (Gooley 2014) This implies that the goods must safe for use by the consumer at the time of buying the goods. (Australian Knitting Mills Ltd v. Grant ,1933) It can be argued that it was indeed honorable for Better Car Ltd to acknowledge that the self-drive mode utility was faulty and was due to the negligence of one of its engineers. The company was however not ignorant of the safety of the driver and its passengers when the car is on self-drive mode and to that effect they had a clause in the contract insisting on the driver to take safety measures. Breach of a Condition. It is an implied condition in the contract that the goods are of merchantable quality and it is submitted that Better Car Ltd is liable for the breach of this condition. It should however be borne in mind that there was a clause limiting the liability of the company in case of a breach of this condition. It should be noted that since the contract was signed by the buyer despite several attempts to explain to the buyer on the effects of the terms of the contract he is agreeing to, the extent of limitation entrenched by the contract is permissible. It was noted in Astley v Austrust Limited, 2000 that implied terms are applicable in contract law and the defendant is liable for a breach where they are breached Damages as a Result of Breach Better Car Ltd will only be liable for the breach to the extent of the negligence caused by the engineers. On the contrary, personal injuries resulting from the accident were also contributed by the negligence of the buyer in not reading the terms of the contract so as to be aware of any safety precautions that ought to be taken when driving under self-drive mode. Defenses Under the ACL ss142 a manufacturer or supplier could put up a defense that at the time that the transaction in the product was taking place the defect in the product could not be detected despite application of reasonable skill and expertise. The success of such a defense is determinate on a balance of probability though this would be the best possible argument that Better Car Ltd could apply. Remedies The buyer in the contract could only recover damages to the extent that the car self-drive mode was faulty. Since Better Car Ltd acknowledged there carelessness a case on a tort of negligence would be proper when claiming damages. The company could plead contributory negligence because the driver did not read the contract he signed and he went on to negligently sleep in a car despite the clause that stated that one should still be careful even when the car is on self-drive mode. If the buyer brings the case under contract law to put full liability on the company, the company could sue again under tort of negligence so that the liability is shared. In Astley v Austrust Ltd,2000 it was held that damages for a breach of contract could not be reduced by contributory negligence, however, the Law Reform (Miscellaneous Provisions) Amendment Act 2000 (NSW) allows for a reduction of the damages for a contractual breach based on contributory negligence. References Astley v Austrust Ltd , HCA 197 CLR 1(2000). Australian Knitting Mills Ltd v. Grant, 50 CLR 387 (1933). Australian Institute of Builders, 2001 URL: https://www.aib.org.au/about.html Badger, W., and Gay, S.W., (1996) The top ten lessons learned in construction contracting, Cost Engineering, 38(5), May, 209. Barrister R., (1914). Hudson's Building Contracts Charles V. and Martin S. (2002). Professional Ethics the Construction Industry Davis, I., 2001, Health and safety: an economic and moral issue, Master Builder, The Magazine of the Federation of Master Builders, Mar, 17. Donoghue vs Stevenson, AC 562 [1932]. Harris Jr, C.E., Pritchard, M.S., Rabins, M.J., 1995, Engineering ethics: concepts and cases, Wadsworth Publishing Company, USA Gooley J., (2014).Principles of Australian contract law: cases and materials. Mason, R.R., 1998, Ethics: a professional concern, Civil Engineering, American Society of Civil Engineers, 68(12), Dec, 636. Paterson J., Robertson A., (2015) Principles of Contract Law. Stewart, D., Sprinthall, N., and Shafer, D. M. 2001. "Moral Development in Public Administration." Toll (FGCT) Pty Ltd v Alphapharm Pty Ltd, 79 ALJR 129 (2004).

Village life free essay sample

Culturally,  Pakistan’s rural folk enjoy a seemingly happy and contented life.  Not that they tend to be passive and lack initiative. On the other hand our rural folk are more energetic and struggle minded than their city dwelling counterparts.  ·A  Way of  Life†¦But  More Natural  · by Hira N. Hashmey  · Pakistan  is the cradle of Indus Valley Civilization,  civilisation that is spread over more than 4000 years of history.Archaeological excavations here have revealed evidence of the  meticulously planned  cities of Harappa and Mohenjodaro that lived and died along the banks of the mighty Indus and its tributaries. The ancient Hindu epics narrate life between the 7th and 5th century BC which carry rich descriptions of the land and people of Indus at that time. These relics throw light on the culture and changing architectural styles of Punjab since the Harappan age. At Taxila near Islamabad, sites associated with great Gandhara Civilization  yielded remarkable relics that  showcase the  magnificient age  of Buddhism in the region. We will write a custom essay sample on Village life or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page But along  with its magnificent past, the rural life in present day Pakistan is as rich even today as it used to be before.  The lush green crops which ripen in summer to yield golden harvests, fruit laden orchards which bear delicious fruits similar to those of the paradise and above all a mouth watering food that makes many a chefs to envy. The luscious fruits are so dominant in Punjab’s rural culture that a special variety of mangoes is called Samr-e-Bahisht, literally meaning the fruit of the paradise. The Punjabi  folk in Pakistani rural scene are extrovert; sociable guys who like to eat well and dress well.  Even in a tight spot, a Punjabi youth would like to twirl his moustache and say â€Å"Khair ae† (am quite well†) to those who ask how he’s getting on. He learns quickly and assimilates new cultures without difficulty; family honour is sacrosanct to Punjabi’s, but in other matters they tend to be liberal. It is a matter of pride to be â€Å"up to date†. Their enterprise and capacity to work hard are legendary and it’s a deep ambition of Punjabi guys to â€Å"be one’s own boss†: many an à ©migrà © Punjabi have started life in a strange land driving a cab or working in a cafà © and gone on to buy out the owner within a couple of years.A few generations  ago, turban   was   the â€Å"crowning glory† of all   Punjabis, but   it has now   gradually disappeared from   the   scene. It was once a symbol of   Punjab’s honour and status. At   the same   time it offered a   protection against the   simmering   heat in the Punjab plains.   The   kurta, a long straight-cut, loose   shirt teamed with pyjamas, the   loose   baggy shalwar, or a kind of   sarong   called a dhoti or tehmad   makes up the   traditional dress   for men. Winter sees   the rustic   Punjabi in colorful sweaters   that wives and mothers are so skilled in making. A shawl in winter and a chador in summer finish this ensemble. When the urban, educated Punjabi steps out to work he will be in shirt and pant or a suit-sartorially indistinguishable from his counterparts in Tokyo or Toronto. Back home in the evening, he is likely to be found in more tradi tional dress. The traditional  Punjabi shoes,  called juttis or khussas retain their popularity with rural folk; they are both elegant and comfortable. Bahawalpur, Sargodha and Hazro in Attock district are famous for khussas.   The women in Punjabi villages dress in shalwar topped by a kameez (a garment that can be fitted like a dress loose like the kurta) and accented by a rectangular scarf about 2.5 metres long called the duppatta . She’s fond of her sweaters, but  passionately proud of her collection of woolen shawls. Gold is the weakness of Punjabi women – brides are loaded with it. The jewelers of Punjab, stock an enormous range of designs in bangles, necklaces, rings and earrings, nose-pins, ornaments to pin in the hair, anklets and toe-rings. Culturally,  Pakistan’s rural folk enjoy a seemingly happy and contented life.  Not that they tend to be passive and lack initiative. On the other hand our rural folk are more energetic and struggle minded than their city dwelling counterparts. Life  in a typical Punjabi village in Pakistan, starts early in the morning. The senior village dwellers along with not so insignificant number of village youth turn to the village mosque for offering their early morning Fajr prayers. After prayer, a delicious rich breakfast awaits the village men. The breakfast itself comprises of either fresh milk (cow or buffalo’s) or a hot brew of tea with a good amount of milk and sugar. After breakfast,  the men folk move to the fields where they start performing different chores of cultivation like plowing, sowing, and harvesting depending upon the season. Most  villages in Pakistan are situated away from the noise of the city life.  They are peaceful and silent places. A typical Pakistani village consists of unpaved paths and streets. Its houses are made of mud. However, with lot of young members from rural families which moved to the gulf as part of the â€Å"Dubai Chalo† syndrome, have benefitted from the petro dollars. So the villagers now build their houses from bricks and concrete though most of the village people have simple habits and limited needs.There are  green trees, vast meadows, and flowery bushes in every village. The blossoming flowers, fragrant air, the rising and setting sun all leave a healthy influence on the health of villagers. In the summer they rest under shady trees, and take bath in cool water. Women also help their men in their work along with their household. They also take care of their domestic animals such as cows, goats, hens etc. As many small villages are still void of the facilities like safe drinking water and electricity; even hospitals and schools are at long distances, life in the village requires more struggle than the relatively modern lifestyles in the cities. Village life in  Pakistan  depicts a true picture of our culture. Villagers are very traditional people who are hard workers. They wake up early in the morning with the Fajar prayers and start working in the fields. They work all day long in the field under the sun without caring about the harsh weather. This is the only way for them to earn their livelihood. They live  in a  serene and clean environment surrounded by green orchids and lush crop fields.  There are beautiful flowing streams and ponds. People live in a very well knit community; they help and solve each other’s problems. The elders have great respect and in the evening they gather together in village â€Å"chopal† (a community meeting held every day) and discuss their village problems, which mainly surround the water distribution from a mohga (water outlet from a main stream), good or bad crop during the season and some petty matters of biradris. The discussions in a chopal though full of opposite views and dissensions too, yet at the end there is a more amicable end as in every matter the izzat of the village is and should remain supreme in every village dweller’s eyes. Then there will be discussion about lack of basic amenities, they don’t have proper drinking water, no schools and co lleges and somewhere even no sewerage system at all. Some villages really need attention so that they can move on the road to progress.